1,721,009 research outputs found
Introduction to Volatiles in the Martian Crust
No full textSociety has long looked up at the sky to wonder if we are alone in the Solar System or the universe. Of the planetary bodies near the Earth, Mars has always inspired humankind’s imagination, and owing to its close proximity to Earth attracted scientific investigations. Centuries of observation have seen enthusiasm for the planet wax and wane as evidence seemed to prove or disprove habitable conditions on the planet. As telescopes became better, observers captured their views of the planet on maps and drawings. One of the famous and far reaching maps was drawn during the Mars opposition of 1877 by Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (18351910). It sparked a wide interest and discussion among contemporary scholars, finally leading to Lowell’s interpretation and book, “Mars, the Abode of Life.” Many other observers drew similar features at similar places on Mars, making it likely for them to be actual Martian features (see, e.g., Sagan and Pollack, 1966; Jones, 2008 for reviews). However, their linear nature was not confirmed by many, a controversy that led Sagan and Pollack (1966, p. 117) to conclude that those interpretational discrepancies “have convinced many that the canals of Mars are a psychophysiological rather than an astronomical problem.” However, like many scientific controversies, this also sparked new methods and thinking as it led to pioneering thoughts as to the ways in which understanding of geologic processes on Earth could be used to understand observations on Mars. In fact, Peal (1893) wrote, “The remarkable feature of the whole case seems to be that so far there has been little or no reference to terrestrial experience when discussing the problem of the distribution of land and water on Mars. The great recent geological discoveries bearing on the subject appear to have been overlooked, […].” Looking at Earth analogs has, in fact, become an integral tool for the advancement of our understanding of Martian processes and environmental conditions
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Conclusions and Implications for Habitability of the Martian Crust
No full textIn the introduction of this book, we briefly explored the history of the exploration of Mars, where we discussed a major shift in the scientific thinking and public perception of the nature of the surface of Mars as new missions explored the Red Planet. The first observations of the surface sparked speculations of Mars being inhabited by intelligent beings, inspiring fantasy, science fiction, and, of course, further exploration. The turn came when Mariner 4 returned images of a lunar-like landscape, a monotonous basaltic world with many impact craters but no water, and therefore no prospects for life to find a habitable niche. The authors of the chapters of this book show how different our understanding of Mars is today from the historical Mariner 4 perspective
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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