898,610 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Border field/apparatuses.
No full textThrough both our trans-disciplinary practice and one specific project based in and across the Irish border with the UK, we discover, occupy and create (alternate) field conditions of various kinds. Our practice,a place of their own,draws together different bodies of knowledge, experience and practice; art, architecture, urbanism, philosophy, fictioning, family to create new imaginaries and cartographies of the border. The Eile Project is a visual art/research project that uses the subjective, spatial and political concept of borders/bordering to respond to some immediate political/environmental challenges, and is sited on the geo-political border between Ireland and the UK. Paula is from Ballyshannon, grew up between Ballyshannon and Enniskillen (as well in England), and has traversed the Irish border across her life. This border condition has renewed prominence within the maligned ‘Brexit’ negotiations. Border field conditions are densely woven with multiple infrastructures, policies, practices and rituals that interconnect in complex configurations; infrastructural systems such as the long- disused Ulster Canal, and the daily practices of local farmers negotiate the border through dynamic interplays of formal procedure and autonomous, creative and resistant practices. The border field condition is partly determined by various technologies and spaces of security and control; of the monitoring and restricting of movement and of various bodies. Yet it is also the site of many existing and potential spatial, social and relational re-imaginings. We will consider the border field conditions as explored through the Eile Project, and specifically discuss the potentialities of these field configurations through the notion of territorial-apparatuses, which might become the starting point for alternative forms of spatial practice.
"When apparatuses shift, they can change history across spacetime (quantum erasure). Apparatuses are not only what has been traditionally understood as the mechanical parts of a system of measurement (Barad, 1998, p. 101-2). They include systems of thinking, objects, spatio-temporal properties, people and more-than-people; they are extremely localized. Apparatuses are phenomena."1 The field conditions (both mapped and created) through the Eile Project are therefore those that, by opening to and involving the earth, human and non-human actors, the organic and in- organic, permit new cartographies, territories and modes of collective practice.
1 Whitney Stark, “Assembled BodiesReconfiguring Quantum Identities,” The Minnesota Review 2017, no. 88 (May 1, 2017): 69–82, https://doi.org/10.1215/00265667-3787402
Magnetoresistance in triphenyl-diamine derivative blue organic light emitting devices
No full textCopyright 2008 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. This article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 103, 043706 (2008) and may be found at
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestispopulations: significant negative impacts on survival
No full text1. Cowpox virus is an endemic virus circulating in populations of wild rodents. It has been implicated as a potential cause of population cycles in field voles Microtus agrestis L., in Britain, owing to a delayed density-dependent pattern in prevalence, but its impact on field vole demographic parameters is unknown. This study tests the hypothesis that wild field voles infected with cowpox virus have a lower probability of survival than uninfected individuals. 2. The effect of cowpox virus infection on the probability of an individual surviving to the next month was investigated using longitudinal data collected over 2 years from four grassland sites in Kielder Forest, UK. This effect was also investigated at the population level, by examining whether infection prevalence explained temporal variation in survival rates, once other factors influencing survival had been controlled for. 3. Individuals with a probability of infection, P(I), of 1 at a time when base survival rate was at median levels had a 22.4% lower estimated probability of survival than uninfected individuals, whereas those with a P(I) of 0.5 had a 10.4% lower survival. 4. At the population level, survival rates also decreased with increasing cowpox prevalence, with lower survival rates in months of higher cowpox prevalence. 5. Simple matrix projection models with 28 day time steps and two stages, with 71% of voles experiencing cowpox infection in their second month of life (the average observed seroprevalence at the end of the breeding season) predict a reduction in 28-day population growth rate during the breeding season from λ = 1.62 to 1.53 for populations with no cowpox infection compared with infected populations. 6. This negative correlation between cowpox virus infection and field vole survival, with its potentially significant effect on population growth rate, is the first for an endemic pathogen in a cyclic population of wild rodents
Evaluation of Three Rapid Tests for Diagnosis of P. Falciparum and P. Vivax Malaria in Colombia.
No full textThe diagnostic capacity of three malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), NOW-Malaria-ICT, OptiMAL-IT, and Paracheck-Pf, was evaluated against expert microscopy in Colombia. We tested 896 patients, of whom microscopy confirmed 139 P. falciparum, 279 P. vivax, and 13 mixed P.f/P.v infections and 465 negatives. Paracheck-Pf and NOW-malaria-ICT were more accurate in detecting P. falciparum (sensitivities 90.8% and 90.1%, respectively) in comparison with Optimal-IT (83.6%). NOW showed an acceptable Pf detection rate at low densities (< 500/microL), but resulted in a higher proportion of false positives. For P. vivax diagnosis, Optimal-IT had a higher sensitivity than NOW (91.0% and 81.4%, respectively). The choice between the two Pf/Pv detecting RDTs balances P. falciparum and P. vivax detection rates. Considering some degree of P. falciparum overtreatment and failure to detect all P. vivax cases as more acceptable than missing some cases of P. falciparum, we recommend careful implementation of NOW-malaria-ICT in areas where microscopy is lacking. The price is however still a constraint
An Apparent Case of Between-Brood Sibling Competition in Chestnut-collared Longspurs, Calcarius ornatus
No full textI report observations consistent with the interpretation that a Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) fledgling from a first brood begged for and received food from its parents at a their second brood nest. All five nestlings in the second brood subsequently died and starvation appeared to be the major factor contributing to their deaths. This is the first reported case of apparent between-brood sibling competition in a passerine species and it fits the criteria of a parent-offspring conflict
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
The role of learning in the etiology of child and adolescent fear and anxiety
No full textHush little baby, don't say a word; And never mind that noise you heard. It's just the beast under your bed. In the closet, in your head. (Metallica, 1991, track 1) Children are so prone to fear that it has been seen as a normal part of childhood development (see Muris & Field, Chapter 4, this volume). These normal fears are likely to be the precursors of more persistent and severe anxiety (Field & Davey, 2001) because the age of onset of anxiety disorders broadly follows the developmental pattern of non-clinical fears. As reviewed by Muris and Field, infants tend to fear novel stimuli within their immediate environment such as loud noise, objects, and separation from a caretaker (Campbell, 1986), in mid-childhood (6–8 years old) fears are focused towards ghosts and animals, then self-injury in late childhood (Bauer, 1976), and social evaluation in pre-adolescence and adolescence (Westenberg, Drewes, Goedhart, Siebelink, & Treffers, 2004). Similarly, phobias concerning environmental threats (e.g., heights, water) typically originate in infancy (Menzies & Clarke, 1993a, 1993b), then specific phobias emerge in middle childhood (5–6 years) followed by generalized anxiety in late childhood and social anxiety in pre-adolescence (Costello, Egger, Copeland, Erkanli, & Angold, Chapter 3, this volume). This broad correspondence between normal fears and the onset of anxiety disorders raises three questions pertinent to explaining the etiology of anxiety disorders: (1) are these normal fears innate or learnt? (2) What process underlies whether a fear develops into an anxiety disorder? And (3) what variables moderate this process? This chapter attempts to explore these questions by evaluating the contribution of learning processes in the development of both normal fears and anxiety disorders. What are fear and anxiety? Lang, Davis, and Öhman (2000) characterize fear as a reaction to a specific threat, with increasing proximity resulting in escape or avoidance; anxiety, however, is characterized by a more diffuse state with less explicit, more generalized cues and involves increased physiological arousal but without necessarily leading to organized functional behavior. Throughout this chapter, we talk primarily about models of “fear” because it is convenient to describe the mechanisms of acquisition as operating at an individual stimulus level. The difference between whether a child acquires “fear” or “anxiety” lies in the extent to which they have learning experiences about a specific group of related stimuli (fear) or a diffuse array of situations (anxiety). However, the underlying mechanisms are similar. There is also a distinction to be made between the intensity of “normal” fear and anxiety responses and those that characterize anxiety disorders
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