1,721,135 research outputs found
Cues paired with a low dose of alcohol acquire conditioned incentive properties in social drinkers
No full textRationale: Drug-related cues may acquire incentive properties through classical conditioning. Objective: The present study investigated whether arbitrary stimuli paired with a low dose of alcohol would evoke differential skin conductance, salivary, craving and attentional orienting responses compared to arbitrary stimuli paired with vehicle in a sample of social drinkers. Methods: A discriminative classical conditioning procedure was employed, in which subjects repeatedly consumed two drinks, which differed in terms of the flavour of the drink and the colour of the glass in which it was administered. One of the drinks (CS+) always contained 0.2 g/kg ethanol in flavoured tonic water and the other drink (CS-) always contained flavoured tonic water only. Alcohol craving, amount of salivation, and skin conductance level were measured in response to CS+ and CS- during conditioning training. After conditioning training, the frequency with which subjects directed their attention to CS+ and CS- drinks and their choice of drinks was assessed. Results: Comparable taste intensity ratings were given for alcohol and placebo drinks. Higher ratings of craving in the presence of CS+ and higher feelings of "lightheaded", "relaxed" and "contented" after consumption of the CS+ drink (compared with CS-) were observed over successive conditioning sessions. Skin conductance level was also higher in response to CS+ compared to CS-. After conditioning sessions were completed, subjects shifted their gaze more frequently towards CS+ than CS-, although they did not choose to consume more CS+ than CS- drinks when instructed to choose between them. Conclusions: These data suggest that conditioned responses to an arbitrary cue paired with alcohol will develop rapidly and provide further support for incentive salience theories of drug addiction
Automaticity of smoking behaviour: the relationship between dual-task performance, daily cigarette intake, and subjective nicotine effects
No full textRecent research using a dual-task procedure indicates that smoking behaviour can proceed automatically (i.e. it makes minimal demands on cognitive resources) in experienced, but not novice, smokers (Baxter and Hinson, 2001). The increased cognitive load of smoking behaviour in novice smokers was inferred from their slower response times (RTs) to auditory probes during smoking, relative to a baseline (no-smoking) condition. However, this effect of smoking behaviour on RTs may be confounded by the subjective effects of nicotine (e.g. 'head rush'), which may be greater in those who smoke less frequently. We employed the dual-task procedure to assess the relationships between (a) the effect of smoking on RTs to auditory probes, (b) the frequency of smoking behaviour (daily cigarette intake) and (c) the subjective effects of smoking. Results indicated that infrequent smokers showed an increased cognitive load (i.e. slower RTs to probes) during smoking, compared with frequent smokers, but there were no group differences in the subjective effects of smoking. Results suggest that smoking behaviour becomes automatized in those who smoke more frequently, and this is unconfounded by the subjective effects of nicotine
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Do the affective properties of smoking-related cues influence attentional and approach biases in cigarette smokers?
No full textResearch indicates that drug-related cues elicit attention and approach biases in drug users. However, attentional biases are not unique to addiction (e.g. they are also found for emotional information). This study examined whether attentional and approach biases in cigarette smokers are mediated by the motivational salience of cues (relevance to drug-taking), rather than by their affective properties (subjective liking of the cues). Cues included pleasant and unpleasant smoking-related pictures. Attentional biases, approach tendencies and subjective evaluation of the cues were assessed on visual probe, stimulus-response compatibility, and rating tasks, respectively.
Compared with non-smokers, smokers showed a greater attentional bias for both pleasant and unpleasant smoking-related cues presented for 2000 ms, but not for 200 ms. Smokers showed a greater approach bias for unpleasant cues, although the groups did not differ significantly in approach bias for pleasant smoking-related cues. Smokers rated both pleasant and unpleasant smoking pictures more positively than did non-smokers.
Results suggest that a bias to maintain attention on smoking-related cues in young adult smokers is primarily a function of drug-relevance, rather than affective properties, of the cues. In contrast, approach tendencies and pleasantness judgements were influenced by drug use, drug-relevance and the affective properties of the cues
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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