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Visions of Past Glory : Nationalism and the Construction of Early Finnish History
No full textThe study is an examination of how the distant national past has been conceived and constructed for Finland from the mid-sixteenth century to the Second World War. The author argues that the perception and need of a national 'Golden Age' has undergone several phases during this period, yet the perceived Greatness of the Ancient Finns has been of great importance for the growth and development of the fundamental concepts of Finnish nationalism. It is a question reaching deeper than simply discussing the Kalevala or the Karelianism of the 1890s.
Despite early occurrences of most of the topics the image-makers could utilize for the construction of an Ancient Greatness, a truly national proto-history only became a necessity after 1809, when a new conceptual 'Finnishness' was both conceived and brought forth in reality. In this process of nation-building, ethnic myths of origin and descent provided the core of the nationalist cause - the defence of a primordial national character - and within a few decades the antiquarian issue became a standard element of the nationalist public enlightenment. The emerging, archaeologically substantiated, nationhood was more than a scholarly construction: it was a 'politically correct' form of ethnic self-imaging, continuously adapting its message to contemporary society and modern progress.
Prehistoric and medieval Finnishness became even more relevant for the intellectual defence of the nation during the period of Russian administrative pressure 1890-1905. With independence the origins of Finnishness were militarized even further, although the 'hot' phase of antiquarian nationalism ended, as many considered the Finnish state reestablished after centuries of 'dependency'. Nevertheless, the distant past of tribal Finnishness and the conceived Golden Age of the Kalevala remained obligating. The decline of public archaeology is quite evident after 1918, even though the national message of the antiquarian pursuits remained present in the history culture of the public. The myths, symbols, images, and constructs of ancient Finnishness had already become embedded in society by the turn of the century, like the patalakki cap, which remains a symbol of Finnishness to this day.
The method of approach is one of combining a broad spectrum of previously neglected primary sources, all related to history culture and the subtle banalization of the distant past: school books, postcards, illustrations, festive costumes, drama, satirical magazines, novels, jewellery, and calendars. Tracing the origins of the national myths to their original contexts enables a rather thorough deconstruction of the proto-historical imaginary in this Finnish case study.
Considering Anthony D. Smith's idea of ancient 'ethnies' being the basis for nationalist causes, the author considers such an approach in the Finnish case totally misplaced.Tutkimuksen aiheena on kuinka kaukainen kansallinen muinaisuus on Suomessa kuviteltu ja rakennettu 1500-luvulta toiseen maailmansotaan saakka. Kansallisen 'kulta-ajan' tarve on tänä aikana kehittynyt voimakkaasti ja ilmiö on läpikäynyt monia vaiheita. Ymmärretty muinaissuomalaisuuden suuruuden aika on silti ollut erittäin merkityksellinen suomalaisen nationalismin - kansallisaatteen - kehitykselle. Kysymys ulottuu huomattavasti syvemmälle kuin keskusteluun Kalevalasta ja 1890-luvun karelianismista.
Vasta vuoden 1809 jälkeen kansallisesta alkuhistoriasta tuli välttämättömyys, kun uutta määritelmää suomalaisuudesta kehitettiin ja muunneltiin todellisuudeksi. Tässä kansallisvaltion rakennustyössä myytit etnisyyden alkuperästä ja ensikehityksestä tarjosivat kansallisen tarkoitusperän ytimen - kansallisen alkuluonteen puolustuksen - ja muutamassa vuosikymmenessä muinaistieteellisistä kysymyksistä tuli kansanvalistuksen vakio-osa. Kehittyvä tietoisuus muinaisuudesta oli kuitenkin enemmän kuin tieteellinen rakennelma. Se oli etnisen omakuvan poliittisesti oikea muoto, joka jatkuvasti muunsi sanomaansa nyky-yhteiskunnan tarpeiden ja kehityksen mukaan.
Muinaissuomalaisuuden tiedostaminen nousi ns. venäläistämiskauden myötä uusiin huippuihin, ja erityisesti itsenäistymisen myötä alkuhistoria militarisoitui voimakkaasti. Vaikka itse muinaistutkimus menetti aikaisemman kasvattavan yhteiskuntaroolinsa vuoden 1918 jälkeen, nähty heimosuomalaisuus ja 'kalevalainen' kulta-aika säilyivät velvoitteina läpi tutkitun aikakauden. Julkisen arkeologian sanoma oli siirtynyt jokapäiväiseen historiakulttuuriin, jossa kehitetyt myytit, symbolit, kuvastot ja keksinnöt olivat jatkuvasti esillä suomalaisuuden perusteemana. Esimerkkeinä mainittakoon patalakin ja linnavuorten historia.
Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty aikaisemmin väheksyttyjä lähteitä, jotka liittyvät historiakulttuuriin ja muinaisuuden banalisaatioon: koulukirjoja, postikortteja, painokuvia, pukuja, pilakuvia, näytelmiä, nuorisokirjoja, koruja ja kalentereita. Kansallisten muinaishistoriallisten myyttien alkuperiä selvittämällä kyseinen kuvasto ja kuvakieli ovat suhteellisen perusteellisesti dekonstruoitavissa
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Introduction: Gamevironments of the Past - A Broad Take on Games and History
Get PDFNotes on the workings of history in games, historical culture, game design, and putting together this special issue of gamevironments
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