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Vascular and Neuro-Inflammatory Modulation Following Resistance Training in Young African American and White Men
No full textAfrican American men have a higher incidence of hypertension and associated co-morbidities. Altered vascular and autonomic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in this population. We sought to examine the effect of resistance exercise training on vascular and autonomic function in young African American and white men. Several non-invasive methods were used to assess macrovascular structure, macrovascular/microvascular function, limb blood blow, central and peripheral blood pressure, and cardiac autonomic modulation. Multiple methodologies were employed in order to provide a comprehensive examination of vascular and autonomic physiology. Resistance training improved vagal tone, reduced C-reactive protein, reduced central (i.e. aortic and carotid) blood pressure and improved microvacular endothelial function in both African American and white men. Resistance training had no effect on arterial stiffness or wave reflection. This occurred with no change in brachial blood pressure, body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood lipid levels or fasting glucose. In conclusion, resistance training improves vascular and autonomic function while reducing inflammation in African American men. Thus, this exercise modality may be a useful lifestyle intervention for abrogating cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population.Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-28T15:04:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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The effects of an acute bout of traditional versus circuit resistance exercise on arterial stiffness and blood pressure
Get PDFArterial stiffness increases cardiovascular disease risk for stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of resistance exercise intensity on arterial stiffness and blood pressure. Two resistance exercise conditions, low intensity (CREP; 40%1RM) and high intensity (TREP; 80%1RM), were compared. In a longitudinal, cross-over study design, thirty-two subjects (n=32, 17 male, and 15 female, mean age= 24.6 +/-4years) completed both conditions on separate days. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was used as a measure of central and peripheral arterial stiffness at baseline, at 15 minutes post, and at 30 minutes post exercise. Central PWV increased in the CREP mode and returned toward baseline at 30 minutes post-exercise (p<0.05). Central PWV did not change in the TREP mode. Peripheral PWV increased in the TREP mode and remained elevated at 30 minutes post-exercise (p<0.05). Peripheral PWV did not change in the CREP mode. Mean blood pressure (MAP) (p<.05) decreased following CREP but did not change following TREP (p<.05). Neither CREP not TREP had any effect on indices of heart rate variability. These findings suggest that resistance exercise intensity has differential effects on blood pressure and arterial stiffness; and that acute resistance exercise influences central and peripheral arterial stiffness.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2012-06-18T13:54:27Z
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The use of subclinical vascular markers of atherosclerosis in youth
No full textThe foundations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults are laid in childhood and accelerated by the presence of comorbid conditions. Early detection of manifestations of cardiovascular pathology is an important clinical objective to identify those at risk for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and events, and to initiate behavioral and medical interventions to reduce risk. Children were once considered to be at low risk, but with the growing health concerns related to lifestyle, cardiovascular screening may be needed earlier. Several noninvasive procedures are available to assess the cumulative effect of these exposures. These include carotid ultrasound, flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity and measures left ventricular mass. This dissertation analyzes the comorbid conditions that increase cardiovascular risk in youth, namely obesity and low physical fitness, using carotid intima-media thickness to objectively detect early manifestations of cardiovascular pathology.
Until recently researchers have not used surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis to examine the role of a single bout of exercise. Utilizing the acute exercise model can be advantageous as it allows for an efficient manipulation of exercise variables and permits greater experimental control of confounding variables. It is possible that the effects of a bout of exercise can predict the effects of chronic exercise. We analyze the physiological factors pertinent to arterial stiffness using arterial distensibility and pulse wave velocity in the context of acute exercise in children and adults.
In some instances, those who amend their trajectory by not maintaining risk factors into adulthood experience reductions in subclinical markers to levels associated with never having had the risk factor. Though avoidance of risk factors in youth is ideal, there is still a window for intervention where long-lasting cardiovascular effects might be avoided. In this dissertation we present preliminary findings linking modifiable youth risk factors to subclinical markers of CVD in adulthood.As bases da doença cardiovascular (DCV) em adultos são estabelecidas na infância e aceleradas pela presença de comorbidades. A deteção precoce de manifestações da patologia cardiovascular é um objetivo clínico importante na identificação daqueles com risco de subsequente morbidade e eventos cardiovasculares, e no estabelecimento de intervenções comportamentais e médicas para reduzir o risco. As crianças já foram considerados de baixo risco, mas com as crescentes preocupações de saúde associadas ao estilo de vida, o rastreio cardiovascular é cada vez mais precoce. Vários procedimentos não invasivos estão disponíveis para avaliar o efeito cumulativo dessas exposições. Estes incluem ultrassom da artéria carótida, a dilatação fluxo-mediada, velocidade de onda de pulso e medidas da massa ventricular esquerda. Esta dissertação analisa comorbidades conhecidas que aumentam o risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes, como a obesidade, pressão arterial elevada e baixa aptidão física, usando a espessura da parede intima-media da carótida para detetar objetivamente as manifestações precoces de patologia cardiovascular.
Até recentemente, estes marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose foram pouco utilizados para examinar os efeitos de uma única sessão de exercício físico. No entanto, a utilização do modelo de exercício agudo pode ser vantajoso, pois permite uma manipulação eficiente das variáveis do exercício e permite maior controle experimental de variáveis de enviezamento. É possível que os efeitos de uma sessão de exercício possam prever os efeitos do exercício crónico. Nesta dissertação analisamos os fatores fisiológicos associados à rigidez arterial usando a distensibilidade arterial e velocidade da onda de pulso no contexto de exercício agudo em crianças e adultos.
Em alguns casos, aqueles que melhoram o seu perfil de risco de risco para as DCV até à idade adulta experienciam reduções em marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose para níveis saudáveis. Embora a prevenção de fatores de risco na juventude seja o ideal, existe ainda uma janela para a intervenção em que os efeitos cardiovasculares de longa duração pode ser evitada. Nesta dissertação apresentamos resultados preliminares que ligam fatores de risco modificáveis na juventude com marcadores subclínicos de DCV na idade adulta
The effect of acute intradialytic exercise on cardiovascular responses in hemodialysis patients
Get PDFIn patients with kidney failure requiring hemodialysis (HD) treatment, intradialytic exercise (IDEX, exercise during HD treatment) has been advocated for its feasibility and effectiveness for improving important health outcomes. However, IDEX as an adjunct therapeutic strategy is infrequently implemented, in part due to potential risks of IDEX.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of IDEX by examining its effect on intradialytic cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics.
Intradialytic changes in brachial, aortic and cardiac hemodynamics and autonomic function were examined during a normal HD session without exercise, or when 30-minutes of cycling exercise was performed during the 1st- or 3rd-hour into HD in 12 HD patients.
IDEX performed during either the 1st- or 3rd- hour does not appear to exacerbate hemodynamic instability during HD. While there were transient increases in stroke volume, cardiac output and heart rate during IDEX, the intradialytic changes in brachial and aortic blood pressure (BP) parameters, cardiac hemodynamics and autonomic function were similar on days with and without IDEX. This null effect of IDEX on hemodynamic parameters during HD was demonstrated regardless of the timing of exercise and patients’ underlying CV characteristics. Patient hydration status was correlated with the magnitude of BP drop and autonomic dysfunction, and increasing sympathetic activity was also correlated with drops in BP during HD.
These results indicate that IDEX does not exacerbate hemodynamic instability during HD regardless of hydration status and the timing of the exercise. We also observed the potential roles of overhydration and autonomic dysfunction on hemodynamic regulation during HD. These results should help to improve our understanding regarding the CV safety of IDEX.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2019-05-01The student, Jin Hee Jeong, accepted the attached license on 2017-03-15 at 18:06.The student, Jin Hee Jeong, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2017-03-15 at 18:14.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2017-03-17 at 13:02.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #10597 on 2017-08-10 at 15:04:38Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T20:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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The use of subclinical vascular markers of atherosclerosis in youth
No full textThe foundations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults are laid in childhood and accelerated by the presence of comorbid conditions. Early detection of manifestations of cardiovascular pathology is an important clinical objective to identify those at risk for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and events, and to initiate behavioral and medical interventions to reduce risk. Children were once considered to be at low risk, but with the growing health concerns related to lifestyle, cardiovascular screening may be needed earlier. Several noninvasive procedures are available to assess the cumulative effect of these exposures. These include carotid ultrasound, flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity and measures left ventricular mass. This dissertation analyzes the comorbid conditions that increase cardiovascular risk in youth, namely obesity and low physical fitness, using carotid intima-media thickness to objectively detect early manifestations of cardiovascular pathology.
Until recently researchers have not used surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis to examine the role of a single bout of exercise. Utilizing the acute exercise model can be advantageous as it allows for an efficient manipulation of exercise variables and permits greater experimental control of confounding variables. It is possible that the effects of a bout of exercise can predict the effects of chronic exercise. We analyze the physiological factors pertinent to arterial stiffness using arterial distensibility and pulse wave velocity in the context of acute exercise in children and adults.
In some instances, those who amend their trajectory by not maintaining risk factors into adulthood experience reductions in subclinical markers to levels associated with never having had the risk factor. Though avoidance of risk factors in youth is ideal, there is still a window for intervention where long-lasting cardiovascular effects might be avoided. In this dissertation we present preliminary findings linking modifiable youth risk factors to subclinical markers of CVD in adulthood.As bases da doença cardiovascular (DCV) em adultos são estabelecidas na infância e aceleradas pela presença de comorbidades. A deteção precoce de manifestações da patologia cardiovascular é um objetivo clínico importante na identificação daqueles com risco de subsequente morbidade e eventos cardiovasculares, e no estabelecimento de intervenções comportamentais e médicas para reduzir o risco. As crianças já foram considerados de baixo risco, mas com as crescentes preocupações de saúde associadas ao estilo de vida, o rastreio cardiovascular é cada vez mais precoce. Vários procedimentos não invasivos estão disponíveis para avaliar o efeito cumulativo dessas exposições. Estes incluem ultrassom da artéria carótida, a dilatação fluxo-mediada, velocidade de onda de pulso e medidas da massa ventricular esquerda. Esta dissertação analisa comorbidades conhecidas que aumentam o risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes, como a obesidade, pressão arterial elevada e baixa aptidão física, usando a espessura da parede intima-media da carótida para detetar objetivamente as manifestações precoces de patologia cardiovascular.
Até recentemente, estes marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose foram pouco utilizados para examinar os efeitos de uma única sessão de exercício físico. No entanto, a utilização do modelo de exercício agudo pode ser vantajoso, pois permite uma manipulação eficiente das variáveis do exercício e permite maior controle experimental de variáveis de enviezamento. É possível que os efeitos de uma sessão de exercício possam prever os efeitos do exercício crónico. Nesta dissertação analisamos os fatores fisiológicos associados à rigidez arterial usando a distensibilidade arterial e velocidade da onda de pulso no contexto de exercício agudo em crianças e adultos.
Em alguns casos, aqueles que melhoram o seu perfil de risco de risco para as DCV até à idade adulta experienciam reduções em marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose para níveis saudáveis. Embora a prevenção de fatores de risco na juventude seja o ideal, existe ainda uma janela para a intervenção em que os efeitos cardiovasculares de longa duração pode ser evitada. Nesta dissertação apresentamos resultados preliminares que ligam fatores de risco modificáveis na juventude com marcadores subclínicos de DCV na idade adulta
The use of subclinical vascular markers of atherosclerosis in youth
No full textThe foundations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults are laid in childhood and accelerated by the presence of comorbid conditions. Early detection of manifestations of cardiovascular pathology is an important clinical objective to identify those at risk for subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and events, and to initiate behavioral and medical interventions to reduce risk. Children were once considered to be at low risk, but with the growing health concerns related to lifestyle, cardiovascular screening may be needed earlier. Several noninvasive procedures are available to assess the cumulative effect of these exposures. These include carotid ultrasound, flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity and measures left ventricular mass. This dissertation analyzes the comorbid conditions that increase cardiovascular risk in youth, namely obesity and low physical fitness, using carotid intima-media thickness to objectively detect early manifestations of cardiovascular pathology.
Until recently researchers have not used surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis to examine the role of a single bout of exercise. Utilizing the acute exercise model can be advantageous as it allows for an efficient manipulation of exercise variables and permits greater experimental control of confounding variables. It is possible that the effects of a bout of exercise can predict the effects of chronic exercise. We analyze the physiological factors pertinent to arterial stiffness using arterial distensibility and pulse wave velocity in the context of acute exercise in children and adults.
In some instances, those who amend their trajectory by not maintaining risk factors into adulthood experience reductions in subclinical markers to levels associated with never having had the risk factor. Though avoidance of risk factors in youth is ideal, there is still a window for intervention where long-lasting cardiovascular effects might be avoided. In this dissertation we present preliminary findings linking modifiable youth risk factors to subclinical markers of CVD in adulthood.As bases da doença cardiovascular (DCV) em adultos são estabelecidas na infância e aceleradas pela presença de comorbidades. A deteção precoce de manifestações da patologia cardiovascular é um objetivo clínico importante na identificação daqueles com risco de subsequente morbidade e eventos cardiovasculares, e no estabelecimento de intervenções comportamentais e médicas para reduzir o risco. As crianças já foram considerados de baixo risco, mas com as crescentes preocupações de saúde associadas ao estilo de vida, o rastreio cardiovascular é cada vez mais precoce. Vários procedimentos não invasivos estão disponíveis para avaliar o efeito cumulativo dessas exposições. Estes incluem ultrassom da artéria carótida, a dilatação fluxo-mediada, velocidade de onda de pulso e medidas da massa ventricular esquerda. Esta dissertação analisa comorbidades conhecidas que aumentam o risco cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes, como a obesidade, pressão arterial elevada e baixa aptidão física, usando a espessura da parede intima-media da carótida para detetar objetivamente as manifestações precoces de patologia cardiovascular.
Até recentemente, estes marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose foram pouco utilizados para examinar os efeitos de uma única sessão de exercício físico. No entanto, a utilização do modelo de exercício agudo pode ser vantajoso, pois permite uma manipulação eficiente das variáveis do exercício e permite maior controle experimental de variáveis de enviezamento. É possível que os efeitos de uma sessão de exercício possam prever os efeitos do exercício crónico. Nesta dissertação analisamos os fatores fisiológicos associados à rigidez arterial usando a distensibilidade arterial e velocidade da onda de pulso no contexto de exercício agudo em crianças e adultos.
Em alguns casos, aqueles que melhoram o seu perfil de risco de risco para as DCV até à idade adulta experienciam reduções em marcadores subclínicos de aterosclerose para níveis saudáveis. Embora a prevenção de fatores de risco na juventude seja o ideal, existe ainda uma janela para a intervenção em que os efeitos cardiovasculares de longa duração pode ser evitada. Nesta dissertação apresentamos resultados preliminares que ligam fatores de risco modificáveis na juventude com marcadores subclínicos de DCV na idade adulta
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Physiological responses and long-term adaptations to exercise : exercise training, functional capacity, body composition, maximum dynamic strength, exercise economy, electrodermal activity, energy expenditure and anthropometric measurements in individuals with Down syndrome
No full textMestrado em Ciências da FisioterapiaOBJECTIVES: Determine the chronic effects of exercise on body composition,
functional capacity, exercise economy and dynamic muscle strength in adults with
Down’s syndrome (DS). Explore differences, in electrodermal response to an acute
exercise bout, between DS participants and healthy controls. Crossvalidate an
energy expenditure estimating device for both, the DS and control group (CG).
Crossvalidate an anthropometric equation for assessing body composition in DS
individuals.
METHODS: DS participants were assigned to one of the following groups: (1)
indoor rowing aerobic program – EG1; (2) combined aerobic and dynamic strength
conditioning program – EG2. Both exercise interventions had an absolute duration
of 28 weeks. DS groups were compared with a paired CG before and after training
for functional capacity and exercise economy. Body composition changes were
determined by comparing the DS participants’ baseline and post-training values.
DS group electrodermal response to exercise was assessed prior to training and
compared with the values attained by the controls. Resting and submaximal energy
expenditure estimates computed by the SenseWear Pro2 Armband™ (SWA) were
crossvalidated with open circuit spirometry, for both the DS and the CG. Kelly &
Rimmer, (1987) anthropometric body composition analysis was crossvalidated with
bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIA) for DS individuals.
RESULTS: EG1 and EG2 were similar for functional capacity before and after
training, and these groups presented lower values than the CG at both assessment
periods. However, after exercise intervention, relative peak oxygen consumption
improved by 40.98% and by 23.73% for EG1 and EG2, respectively. At posttraining
period, both EG1 and EG2 presented similar resting and submaximal
cardiorespiratory economy as healthy controls. There were no body composition
group differences at pre and post-training assessments. However, EG1 showed
positive body composition modifications of 5.02% fat mass decrease and 6.46% fat
free mass increase. EG2 showed upper and lower body dynamic strength
differences after intervention. Both the DS and control participants presented
similar values for the electrodermal response to acute exercise. The resting SWA
viii
energy expenditure estimates did not differ from the open circuit spirometry values,
however they were poorly correlated. There were no differences between Kelly &
Rimmer estimates and BIA assessments prior and after training.
CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training in both DS groups was effective in eliciting:
(1) higher functional capacity, (2) normalization effect of resting and submaximal
cardiorespiratory economy. The exercise program improved EG1 participants’
body composition. EG2 increased upper and lower body strength after training.
Apparently, DS individuals’ electrodermal response to exercise is similar to that of
healthy controls. The SWA is a valid tool for assessing resting energy expenditure
of groups of DS or healthy individuals, but not on an individual basis; and finally,
the Kelly & Rimmer equation is valid and reliable for body composition
assessments in DS adults.OBJECTIVOS: Determinar os efeitos do exercício de carácter crónico na
composição corporal, capacidade funcional e economia de esforço em indivíduos
com Trissomia 21 (T21). Comparar a resposta galvânica da pele (RGP) perante um
estímulo agudo de exercício em participantes com T21 e controlos saudáveis.
Estudar a validade dos registos de dispêndio energético estimados a partir de um
instrumento de multi-aquisição de dados fisiológicos por intermédio de uma
validação cruzada com a espirometria de circuito aberto. Analisar a validade de
uma equação antropométrica por intermédio de uma validação cruzada com a
análise por bioimpedância espectral (BIA).
MÉTODOS: Os participantes com T21 foram distribuídos por um dos seguintes
grupos. (1) programa de remo indoor – EG1; (2) programa combinado de
condicionamento cardiorespiratório e força muscular dinâmica – EG2. Ambas as
intervenções pelo exercício respeitaram uma duração absoluta de 28 semanas. Para
as fases de pré e pós-treino, estabeleceram-se comparações dos dados de
capacidade funcional e economia de esforço de ambos os grupos de T21 com um
grupo de controlo (GC) devidamente emparelhado. Na fase de pré-treino, analisouse
RGP nos participantes com T21, tendo esta sido posteriormente comparada com
os valores registados pelo GC. Analisaram-se os registos de dispêndio energético
de repouso e de intensidade submáxima obtidos a partir a SenseWear Pro2
Armband™ (SWA) recorrendo-se a uma validação cruzada com os obtidos em
simultâneo pela espirometria de circuito aberto. Nos grupos com T21, compararamse
as estimativas de massa gorda obtidas a partir equação antropométrica de Kelly e
Rimmer, (1987) com as medições efectuadas por BIA.
RESULTADOS: Não se registaram diferenças entre o grupo EG1 e EG2 para as
variáveis de capacidade funcional nas fases de pré e pós-treino. Ambos os grupos
apresentaram valores inferiores aos registados no CG, antes e após a intervenção.
Contudo, após o período de treino, tanto o grupo EG1 como EG2 expressaram
aumentos de 40.98% e 23.73% para o consumo de oxigénio relativo,
respectivamente. Adicionalmente verificou-se que, após o condicionamento físico,
se esbateram as diferenças de economia cardiorespiratória registadas inicialmente
vi
entre os grupos com T21 e o CG, tanto em repouso como em intensidades
submáximas. Os grupos EG1 e EG2 mantiveram-se semelhantes para as variáveis
de composição corporal pré e pós-treino. Contudo, o grupo EG1 expressou uma
redução da massa gorda corporal de 5.02% e um acréscimo de 6.46% para a massa
livre de gordura. O grupo EG2 apresentou incrementos significativos para a força
muscular dinâmica de membros superiores e de membros inferiores. Os grupos com
T21 expressaram valores semelhantes ao CG para a RGP perante um estímulo
agudo de exercício. Embora as estimativas de dispêndio energético de repouso,
obtidas pela SWA, tenham sido semelhantes para os grupos com T21 e o CG, as
técnicas apresentaram coeficientes de correlação baixos. Não se registaram
diferenças entre as análises de composição corporal a partir da equação de Kelly e
Rimmer e da técnica de BIA.
CONCLUSÕES: Em ambos os grupos com T21, o estímulo crónico pelo exercício
induziu um: (1) aumento da capacidade funcional, (2) efeito normalização na
economia cardiorespiratória de repouso e submáxima. O programa de remo indoor
contribuiu para a melhoria da composição corporal do grupo EG1. O grupo EG2
incrementou os níveis de força dos membros superiores e inferiores após a adesão à
prescrição proposta. Aparentemente, não existem diferenças na RGP face ao
exercício, entre indivíduos com T21 e controlos saudáveis. A SWA revelou-se um
instrumento válido para a determinação do metabolismo de repouso de grupos de
indivíduos saudáveis e com T21, contudo não está indicada para avaliações
individuais. Finalmente, a equação de Kelly e Rimmer apresenta validade para a
análise da composição corporal de adultos com T21
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