6,091 research outputs found
ADAM SMITH'S PESSIMISTIC VIEW OF THE FUTURE OF COMMERCIAL SOCIETY: RHETORIC OR REALITY?
No full textAdam Smith is generally viewed as a great optimist about commerce and commercialism. Consistent with this assessment is the conventional view that Smith believed in progress: he had an optimistic view of history. On the other hand, occasionally over the last thirty years commentators, such as Heilbroner, have suggested that Smith actually had a very pessimistic view of history and the prospects of commercial society. Can we explain Smith's apparent inconsistencies? One solution is that Smith "changed his mind" during his lifetime. Another suggestion, proposed by Muller, is that Heilbroner (and others holding similar views) failed to understand Smith's rhetoric. Muller is correct in suggesting that there is exaggeration in some of Smith's pessimistic statements. Nevertheless, Smith's vision has a darker tincture than Muller acknowledges: much of Smith's pessimism about commercial society remains a reality which cannot be neatly explained away as "rhetoric."International Relations/Trade,
Adam Smith and Roman Servitudes
No full textThis essay is a preprint of an article that appeared at: Tijdschrift voor Rechstsgeschiedenis, 72 (2004), 327–57.This essay discusses Adam Smith historical jurisprudence and his use of Roman law materials in his Lectures on Jurisprudence. It argues that Smith found it difficult to maintain his theory of legal development in the face of a highly developed body of Roman law literature
No Urban Malaise for Millennials
No full textUrban malaise or unhappiness with city life is common in developed countries. City dwellers, particularly those in the largest metropolitan areas, are reported to be the least satisfied with their lives. Using the U.S. General Social Survey (1972-2016) we explore the latest happiness trends. Our results confirm earlier findings of urban malaise: Americans in general are happiest in smaller cities and rural areas. However, the advantage of rural living is declining—rural Americans are becoming less happy relative to urbanites. Most interesting, our results show that the latest generation, Millennials (1982-2004), as opposed to earlier generations are the happiest in large cities (an estimated magnitude larger than earning an additional $100k in family income annually). We explore possible reasons for this trend and discuss directions for future research.Peer reviewe
Life Satisfaction of Career Women and Housewives
No full textProfound changes in gender roles have taken place over the past several decades in the United States. Women’s roles have changed most: women are marrying later in life and at lower rates, having fewer children, and working more outside of the household. “Career women” are the new normal and housewifery has gone out of fashion. At the same time, women have become less happy. We use the US General Social Surveys from 1972 to 2014 to explore these latest trends. We find that, until recently, women are happier to be housewives or to work part-time than full-time, especially, women who are older, married, with children, in middle or upper class, and living in suburbs or smaller places. The effect size of housewifery on subjective wellbeing (SWB) is mild to moderate, at about a fourth to a third of the effect of being unemployed. Therefore, we argue that one possible reason for the decline in average happiness for women was increased labor force participation. Yet, the happiness advantage of housewifery is declining among younger cohorts and career women may become happier than housewives in the future.Peer reviewe
City Life: Glorification, Desire, and the Unconscious Size Fetish
No full textUrbanization is one of the most astonishing transformations in the history of our species. Social scientists have spilled much ink trying to understand what cities do to humans. While there has been some psychoanalysis of cities (e.g. Pile 2005a), there is certainly room for more given the enormous importance of the process. This chapter argues that an unconscious size fetish plays a key role in alluring people to the city. Although in many ways the city provides many freedoms to urbanites, it also entraps them in city dreams and illusions. Urbanization has been typically depicted as an overly positive phenomenon, especially by economists; there is, therefore, a need to highlight its shortcomings and problems, and to understand why people prefer it regardless. In addition, this chapter argues that cities have much in common with capitalism, and that perhaps both do more harm than good.Peer reviewedReproduced from Psychoanalysis and the Global, edited by I. Kapoor, by permission of the University of Nebraska Press. Copyright 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Press
Livability and Subjective Wellbeing Across European Cities
No full textThis study documents for the first time the correlation between livability and subjective well
being (SWB) across European cities. Livability is measured with the popular Mercer Quality of
Living Survey and correlates considerably with SWB, measured as place and life satisfactions.
There are outliers, for instance: the “unlivable” but “happy” Belfast (fool’s paradise) and the
“livable,” but “unhappy” Paris (fool’s hell). In addition, we find geographic patterns: while
the Mercer index ranks higher Western cities, subjective well being is higher in Northern cities.
Smaller cities score higher on both livability and SWB, confirming thus the urban sociological
theory of urban malaise while contradicting urban economic theory of city triumph.Peer reviewe
Adam und Eva in der byzantinischen und abendländischen Kunst des Mittelalters
No full textThe pictorial art of the Church, as a spiritual product of the Christian civilisation, has continually received great influences from its ecclesiastical tradition and it was defined by its formal aesthetical standards and its iconographic preferences. A more nuanced reading of the parallels can be attained by placing the images in their visual context, which would allow a better appreciation of the meanings within. The biblical story of Adam and Eve, which is the theme of the following thesis, reflects the differentiation between the Eastern and the Western understanding of the events of the history of the holy Oikonomia, a point, which is the major ground for the development of the relative pictorial motifs. The protoplasts are the protagonists from their creation and life in paradise, the fall and expulsion until their resurrection through Christ. Their story is visualised in a number of scenes and episodes, having thus their original sin and resurrection for specific reasons centralised. This doctoral thesis attempts to collect as many parallels of the scenes is possible, trying to collate the Eastern with the Western visual approach in a deductive way, in order to reach our constructive conclusions and make available the combination of the art, theology and liturgy in the scenes of Adam and Eve in Genesis and in Resurrection (Anastasis). The reading we tried to perform was based upon the specific iconographical elements, which were worth to be commented. Our aim was to detect the direct bond between the production of art and the relevant patristic and apocryphal writings or even the theological theories, by quoting texts from the ecclesiastical literature, as well as the liturgical praxis.Die kirchliche Kunst hat als geistiges Produkt der christlichen Kultur stets unter dem Einfluss der kirchlichen Tradition gestanden und wurde durch ihre formalen ästhetischen Standards und ihre ikonographische Auswahl bestimmt. Eine genauere Bestimmung der Parallelen kann erreicht werden, indem man die Bilder in ihren visuellen Kontext stellt, was zu einem besserem Verständnis ihrer Inhalte führt. Die biblische Geschichte von Adam und Eva, welche das Thema unserer Arbeit ist, reflektiert das differenzierte Verständnis der Heilsgeschichte (Oikonomia) in Ost und West, welche die Hauptursache für die Entwicklung der entsprechenden Bildmotive ist. Die Stammeltern sind die Protagonisten dieser Geschichte seit der Schöpfung und dem Leben im Paradies, sowie Sündenfall und Vertreibung, bis zu ihrer Auferweckung durch Christus. Ihre Geschichte wird in einer Reihe von Szenen und Episoden visualisiert, wobei die Ursünde und die Auferstehung aus besonderen Gründen im Mittelpunkt stehen. Diese Dissertation versucht, so viele wie mögliche Gemeinsamkeiten der Darstellung herauszuarbeiten, um so in deduktiver Weise den visuellen Zugang des Ostens und des Westens in Beziehung zu setzen, um zu konstruktiven Ergebnissen zu kommen und eine Verbindung von Kunst, Theologie und Liturgie in den Darstellungen von Adam und Eva in der Genesis und der Anastasis, am Anfang und am Ende also, herzustellen. Unsere Untersuchung basiert auf den spezifischen ikonographischen Elementen, die wir kommentieren. Unser Ziel war es, die unmittelbare Verbindung zwischen der künstlerischen Darstellung und den entsprechenden patristischen oder apokryphen Schriften oder sogar den theologischen Theorien zu ermitteln, indem wir Texte aus der kirchlichen Literatur, aber auch aus der liturgischen Praxis heranzogen. Wir versuchten die Beteiligung der Stammeltern Adam und Eva im Genesis-Zyklus und der Anastasis-Szene in Beziehung zu setzen, deren Darstellungsnormen zur Gänze auf der Heilsverheissung Gottes basieren. So besteht unsere Dissertation aus zwei Teilen: Genesis und Anastasis (Abstieg in den Hades), sowie einem Anhang, welcher die Überschrift „Die Bildsprache der Geschichte der Stammeltern“ trägt, der Bibliographie und einer Liste der verwendeten Abbildungen
Rvins of the palace of the emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia
No full textby R. Adam F·R·S F·S·A architect to the King and to the Quee
Partycypacja młodych Polaków w wyborach parlamentarnych w 2023 r. – determinanty aktywności wyborczej
No full textAuthor presents an analysis of the electoral participation of young Poles in the context of the 2023 parliamentary elections. The sources of knowledge in the article are data from the author’s research project, which was carried out thanks to the funding obtained from a research grant of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in Poland. The survey results analysis, supplemented by a literature search and analysis of secondary data, constitutes the article’s essence. The survey was conducted on March 13–30, 2023, using CATI computer-assisted telephone interviews. It was measured on a nationwide sample of 1,200 people aged 18–30, allowing conclusions about the general population that was surveyed. The sample was representative of such variables as gender, age, province, and size of residence. The research project provided relevant data to answer the highlighted research question on the factors that influenced the participation of young Poles in the 2023 parliamentary elections. In the course of the analysis, the hypotheses related to the theoretical approaches within the behavioral approach and new institutionalism were verified. Quantitative methods appropriate to the neopositivist paradigm were used to verify the hypotheses. The conclusions of the analysis have important implications for understanding changes in Poland’s political landscape, taking into account the role of the young electorate in this process.Autor przedstawia analizę partycypacji wyborczej młodych Polaków w kontekście wyborów parlamentarnych w 2023 roku. Źródłem wiedzy w artykule są dane z autorskiego projektu badawczego, który został zrealizowany dzięki pozyskanemu dofinansowaniu z grantu badawczego Fundacji Konrada Adenauera w Polsce. Analiza wyników badania, uzupełniona o kwerendę literatury przedmiotu i analizę danych wtórnych, stanowi istotę artykułu. Badanie zrealizowane zostało 13–30 marca 2023 r. metodą wywiadów telefonicznych wspomaganych komputerowo CATI. Pomiaru dokonano na ogólnopolskiej próbie 1200 osób w wieku 18–30 lat, umożliwiającej wnioskowanie na ogół badanej populacji. Próba była reprezentatywna ze względu na takie zmienne jak: płeć, wiek, województwo, wielkość miejsca zamieszkania. Projekt badawczy dostarczył istotnych danych, dzięki którym możliwe jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na wyróżnione pytanie badawcze dotyczące czynników, które wpłynęły na udział młodych Polaków w wyborach parlamentarnych w 2023 r. W toku analizy zweryfikowano hipotezy, które odnoszą się do ujęć teoretycznych w ramach nurtu behawioralnego oraz nowego instytucjonalizmu. Narzędziem służącym weryfikacji hipotez są metody ilościowe właściwe dla paradygmatu neopozytywistycznego. Wnioski z analizy mają istotne implikacje dla zrozumienia zmian w krajobrazie politycznym Polski, z uwzględnieniem roli młodego elektoratu w tym procesie
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