1,720,998 research outputs found
Effect Of In Situ Polymerization Conditions Of Methyl Methacrylate On The Structural And Morphological Properties Of Poly(methyl Methacrylate)/ Poly(acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene) Pmma/aes Blends
No full textIn this study, the structural and morphological properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene-g-styrene) (PMMA-AES) blends were investigated with emphasis on the influence of the in situ polymerization conditions of methyl methacrylate. PMMA-AES blends were obtained by in situ polymerization, varying the solvent (chloroform or toluene) and polymerization conditions: method A-no stirring and air atmosphere; method B-stirring and N 2 atmosphere. The blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the PMMA-AES blends are immiscible and present complex morphologies. This morphology shows an elastomeric dispersed phase in a glassy matrix, with inclusion of the matrix in the elastomer domains, suggesting core shell or salami morphology. The occlusion of the glassy phase within the elastomeric domains can be due to the formation of graft copolymer and/or phase inversion during polymerization. However, this morphology is affected by the polymerization conditions (stirring and air or N 2 atmosphere) and by the solvent used. The selective extraction of the blends' components and infrared spectroscopy showed that crosslinked and/or grafting reactions occur on the elastomer chains during MMA polymerization. The glass transition of the elastomer phase is influenced by morphology, crosslinking, and grafting degree and, therefore, T g depends on the polymerization conditions. On the other hand, the behavior of T g of the glassy phase with blend composition suggests miscibility or partial miscibility for the SAN phase of AES and PMMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.124428462856Poomalai, P., Ramaraj, B., Siddaramaiah, (2007) J Appl Polym Sci, 104, p. 3145Zheng, S., Guo, Q., Chan, C.M., (1999) J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 37, p. 2329Carvalho, F.P., Gonçalvez, M.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2010) Macromol Symp, 296, p. 596Soto, G., Nava, E., Rosas, M., Fuenmayor, M., González, I.M., Meira, G.R., Oliva, H.M., (2004) J Appl Polym Sci, 92, p. 1397Lee, S.J., Jeoung, H.G., Ahn, K.H., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 89, p. 3672Estenoz, D.A., Leal, G.P., López, Y.R., Oliva, H.M., Meira, G.R., (1996) J Appl Polym Sci, 62, p. 917Sardelis, K., Michels, H.J., Allen, G., (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 244Casis, N., Estenoz, D., Gugliotta, L., Oliva, H., Meira, G., (2006) J Appl Polym Sci, 99, p. 3023Cheng, S.-K., Chen, C.-Y., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 90, p. 1001Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2007) J Appl Polym Sci, 105, p. 986Zheng, S., Li, J., Guo, Q., (1997) J Mater Sci, 32, p. 3463Lourenço, E., Gonçalves, M.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2009) J Appl Polym Sci, 112, p. 2280Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2008) J Appl Polym Sci, 110, p. 1804Larocca, N.M., Hage Jr., E., Pessan, L.A., (2004) Polymer, 45, p. 5265Saron, C., Felisberti, M.I., (2004) Mater Sci Eng A, 370, p. 293Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Polym Degrad Stab, 91, p. 2968Suess, M., Kressler, J., Kammer, H.W., (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 957Kumaraswamy, G.N., Ranganathaish, C., Urs, M.V.D., Ravikumar, H.B., (2006) Eur Polym J, 42, p. 2655Kressler, J., Higashida, N., Inoue, T., Heckmann, W., Seitz, F., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 2090Bhanu, V.A., Kishore, K., (1991) J Am Chem Soc, 91, p. 99Turchet, R., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 16, p. 158Garcia, M.F., Martinez, J.J., Madruga, E.L., (1998) Polymer, 39, p. 991Carraher Jr., C.E., (2003) Polymer Chemistry, , 6th ed. Marcel Dekker: New YorkMoad, G., Solomon, D.H., (2006) The Chemistry of Radical Polymerization, , Chapter 6 2nd ed. Elsevier Science: San DiegoBasu, B.S., Sen, J.N., Palit, S.R., (1950) Proc R Soc London A, 202, p. 485Bae, Y.O., Ha, C.S., Cho, W.J., (1991) Eur Polym Mater, 27, p. 121Alias, Y., Ling, I., Kumutha, K., (2005) Ionics, 11, p. 414Meira, R.G., Luciani, C.V., Estenoz, D.A., (2007) Macromol J, 1, p. 25Duin, M.V., Dikland, H.G., (2003) Rubber Chem Technol, 76, p. 132Grassi, V.G., Forte, M.M.C., Pizzol, M.F.D., (2001) Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 11, p. 158Sideridou, I.D., Achilias, D.S., Karava, O., (2006) Macromolecules, 39, p. 2072Leal, G.P., Asua, J.M., (2009) Polymer, 50, p. 68Choi, J.H., Ahn, K.H., Kim, S.Y., (2000) Polymer, 41, p. 5229Grego, R., Malinconico, M., Martuscelli, E., Ragosta, G., Scarinzi, G., (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 1185Rottela, D.C., (2011) Master Dissertation, Institute of Chemistry, , University of CampinasXu, F.Y., Chien, J.C.W., (1994) Macromolecules, 27, p. 6589Carvalho, F.P., Quental, A.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2008) J Appl Polym Sci, 110, p. 880Turchet, R., Felisberti, M.I., (2005), Br, PI. 0305588-4Lourenço, E., Gonçalves, M.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2009) J Appl Polym Sci, 113, p. 2638Bates, F.B., Cohen, R.E., Argon, A.S., (1983) Macromolecules, 16, p. 110
Pmma-aes Blends Prepared By In Situ Polymerization
No full textBlends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(acrylonitrile-g- (ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene) (AES) were prepared by in situ polymerization. AES, a commercial elastomer obtained by radical copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), was dissolved in methyl methacrylate and the in situ polymerization was conducted at 60 °C. The blends were characterized by CHN analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These blends are immiscible and present complex phase behavior. Selective extraction of the blends' components showed that a fraction of the material is crosslinked and grafting reactions on EPDM chains take place during MMA polymerization. Syndiotactic PMMA was obtained in the presence of AES and this syndiotactic-specificity increased with increasing amount of AES. The morphology of polymerized specimens showed irregular domains of elastomeric phase and in some cases inclusions of PMMA could be observed. Copyright © 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.2961596608Ruckdäschel, H., Sandler, J.K.W., Altstädt, V., Rettig, C., Schmalzm, H., Abetz, V., Müller, A.H.E., (2006) Polymer, 47, p. 2772Corté, L., Leibler, L., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 6360Poomalai, P., Ramaraj, B., Siddaramaiah, (2007) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 104, p. 3145Zheng, S., Guo, Q., Chan, C.-M., (1999) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 37, p. 2329Zheng, S., Lin, J., Guo, Q., (1997) J. Mater. Sci., 32, p. 3463Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Eur. Polym. J., 42, p. 2632Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Polym. Degrad. Stab., 91, p. 2968Upreti, S.R., Sundaram, B.S., Lohi, A., (2005) Eur. Polym. J., 41, p. 2893Lalande, L., Plummer, C.J.G., Månson, J.-A.E., Gérard, P., (2006) Polymer, 47, p. 2389Borgreeve, R.J., Gaymans, R.J., Sehuijer, J., (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 1489Bucknall, C.B., Partridge, I.K., Ward, M.V., (1984) J. Mater. Sci., 19, p. 2064Cheng, S.-K., Chen, C.-Y., (2004) Eur. Polym. J., 40, p. 1239Larocca, N.M., Hage Jr., E., Pessan, L.A., (2004) Polymer, 45, p. 5265Saron, C., Felisberti, M.I., (2004) Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 370, p. 293Turchet, R., Felisberti, M.I., (2005), Br PI. 0305588-4Turchet, R., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 16, p. 158Suess, M., Kressler, J., Kammer, H.W., (1987) Polymer, 28, p. 957Kressler, J., Higashida, N., Inoue, T., Heckmann, W., Seitz, F., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 2090Feng, H., Feng, Z., Ye, C., (1996) Polym. J., 28, p. 661Kumaraswamy, G.N., Ranganathaish, C., Urs, M.V.D., Ravikumar, H.B., (2006) Eur. Polym. J., 42, p. 2655Duin, M.V., Dikland, H.G., (2003) Rubber Chem. Technol., 76, p. 132Bae, Y.O., Ha, C.S., Cho, W.J., (1991) Eur. Polym. J., 27, p. 121Alias, Y., Ling, I., Kumutha, K., (2005) Ionics, 11, p. 414Isobe, Y., Yamada, K., Nakano, T., Okamoto, Y., (1999) Macromolecules, 32, p. 5979Ferguson, R.C., Ovenall, D.W., (1987) Macromolecules, 20, p. 1245Wang, J.-S., Jérôme, R., Warin, R., Teyssié, P., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 5984Hirano, T., Masuda, S., Nasu, S., Ute, K., Sato, T., (2009) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 47, p. 1192Hirano, T., Miki, H., Seno, M., Sato, T., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 3693Hirano, T., Ishii, S., Kitajima, H., Seno, M., Sato, T., (2005) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 43, p. 50Xu, F.Y., Chien, J.C.W., (1994) Macromolecules, 27, p. 6589Keinath, S.E., Boyer, R.F., (1981) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26, p. 2077Carvalho, F.P., Quental, A.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2008) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 110, p. 880Lourenço, E., Gonçalves, M.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2009) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 113, p. 2638Lourenço, E., Gonçalves, M.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2009) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 112, p. 2280Bates, F.B., Cohen, R.E., Argon, A.S., (1982) Macromolecules, 16, p. 1108Szabõ, P., Epacher, E., Földes, E., Pukánszky, B., (2004) Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 383, p. 307Mark, H.F., Bilakes, N.M., Overberger, C.G., (1998) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New YorkLeal, G.P., Asua, J.M., (2009) Polymer, 50, p. 68Lee, S.J., Jeoung, H.G., Ahn, K.H., (2003) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89, p. 3672Jagadeesh, K.S., Siddaramaiah, Kalpagam, V., (1990) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 40, p. 1281Arayapranee, W., Prasassarakich, P., Rempel, G.L., (2002) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 83, p. 2993Grassi, V.G., Forte, M.M.C., Pizzol, M.F.D., (2001) Polímeros: Ciência e Tecnologia, 11, p. 158Tillier, D.L., Meuldijk, J.J., Höhne, G.W.H., Frederik, P.M., Regev, O., Koning, C.E., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 7094Klempner, D., Sperling, L.H., Utracki, L.A., (1994) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks, , 1° Ed., Ed. ASC, WashingtonInoue, T., Kobayashi, S., Chen, W., Ohnaga, T., Ougizawa, T., (1994) Polymer, 35, p. 401
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior And Relaxations In Polymers And Polymeric Blends [comportamento Dinâmico-mecânico E Relaxações Em Polímeros E Blendas Poliméricas]
No full textDynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is widely used in materials characterization. In this work, we briefly introduce the main concepts related to this technique such as, linear and non-linear viscoelasticity, relaxation time, response of material when it is submitted to a sinusoidal or other periodic stress. Moreover, the main applications of this technique in polymers and polymer blends are also presented. The discussion includes: phase behavior, crystallization; spectrum of relaxation as a function of frequency or temperature; correlation between the material damping and its acoustic and mechanical properties.282255263Wunderlich, B., (1997) Thermal Characterization of Polymer Materials, 1, p. 305. , Turi, E. A., ed.2nd.ed., Academic Press Inc.: New YorkWetton, R.E., (1986) Developments in Polymer Characterization, p. 179. , Dawkins, J. V., ed.Elsevier Applied Sci. Publishers: LondonMcCrum, N.G., Buckley, C.P., Bucknall, C.B., (1997) Principles of Polymer Engineering, 2nd Ed., , Oxford University Press Inc.: New York, cap.Brown, M.E., (1988) Introduction to Thermal Analysis, 1st Ed., , Chapman and Hall Ltd.: New York, cap.8Nielsen, L.W., (1974) Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites, 1-2. , Marcel Dekker, INC.: New YorkMurayama, T., (1988) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 5, p. 299. , Mark, H. F.Bikales, N. M.Overberger, C. G.Menges, G.Kroschwits, J. I., eds.2nd ed., John Wiley &Sons: New YorkMenard, P.K., (1999) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction, , CRC Press LLC: New YorkFerry, J.D., (1980) Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, , John Wiley & Sons: New YorkWard, I.M., (1983) Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers, 2nd Ed., , John Wiley & Sons: New YorkHutchinson, J.M., (1997) The Physics of Glassy Polymers, p. 85. , Haward, R. N.Young, R. J., Eds.2nd Ed.Chapman and Hall: LondonGradin, P., Howgate, P.G., Seldén, R., Brown, R., (1989) Comprehensive Polymer Science, 2, p. 533. , Allen, G.Bevington, J. C.Booth, C.Price, C., eds.1st ed.Pergamon Press: New YorkMark, J.E., Eisenberg, A., Graessley, W.W., Mandelkern, L., Samulski, E.T., Koenig, J.L., Wignall, G.D., (1993) Physical Properties of Polymers, 2nd Ed., , American Chemical Society: WashingtonOlabisi, O., Robeson, L.M., Shaw, M.T., (1979) Polymer-Polymer Miscibility, , Academic Press: New YorkHeijboer, J., (1977) Int. J. Polym. Mater., 6, p. 11Jho, J.Y., Yee, A.F., (1991) Macromolecules, 24, p. 1905Yee, A.F., Smith, S.A., (1981) Macromolecules, 14, p. 54Schaefer, J., Steijskal, E.O., Perchak, D., Skolnick, J., Yaris, R., (1985) Macromolecules, 18, p. 368Yee, A.F., (1977) Polym. Eng. Sci., 17, p. 213Floudas, G., Higgins, J.S., Meier, G., Kremer, F., Fischer, E.M., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 1676Jones, A.A., (1985) Macromolecules, 18, p. 902Hoff, E.A.W., Robinson, D.W., Willbourn, A.H., (1955) J. Polym. Sci., 18, p. 161Williams, G., (1966) Trans-Faraday Soc., 62, p. 2091Dionisio, M.S., Moura-Ramos, J.J., Williams, G., (1994) Polymer, 35, p. 1705Diaz-Calleja, R., Devine, I., Gargallo, L., Radic, D., (1994) Polymer, 35, p. 151Utracki, L.A., (1990) Polymer Alloys and Blends: Thermodynamics and Rheology, p. 1. , Hanser Publishers: New YorkPaul, D.R., Bucknall, C.B., (1999) Polymer Blends, , John Wiley & Sons: New YorkCassu, S.N., Felisberti, M.I., (1999) Polymer, 40, p. 4845Santos, L.E.P., (1995), Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrasilKempler, D., Sperling, L.H., Utracki, L.A., Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (1994) Advances in Chemistry Series, p. 234. , Washington, DCFelisberti, M.I., (1990), Ph. Thesis, Albert-Ludwig-Universität, AlemanhaFelisberti, M.I., Müller, G., Stadler, R., Polym. Mater Sci. Eng (1990) Proc. of ACS Div. PMSE, 62, p. 659Rocha, S.M., (1998), Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrasilSanchez, E.M.S., Zavaglia, C.A.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2000) Polymer, 41, p. 765Di Lorenzo, M.L., Frigione, M., (1997) J. Polym. Eng., 17, p. 429Koninig, C., Van Duin, M., Pagnoulle, C., Jerome, R., (1998) Prog. Polym. Sci., 23, p. 707Costa, S.C.G., Felisberti, M.I., (1999) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 72, p. 1835Carone Jr., E., Felisberti, M.I., Nunes, S.P., (1998) J. Mater. Sci., 33, p. 3729Lipatov, Y.S., (1994) Interpenetrating Polymer Network, , Klempson, D.Sperling, L. H.Utracki, L. A., eds.ACS: Washington, DCChang, M.C.O., Thomas, D.A., Sperling, L.H., (1988) J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 26, p. 1627Hourston, D.J., Schäfer, F.-U., (1996) High Perform. Polym., 8, p. 19Boyer, R.F., (1968) Polym. Eng. Sci., 8, p. 161Heijboer, J., (1968) J. Polym. Sci., Part C: Polym. Sym., 16, p. 3755Keskkula, H., Turley, S.G., Boyer, R.F., (1971) J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 15, p. 351Karger-Kocsis, J., Kuleznev, V.N., (1982) Polymer, 23, p. 69
Dynamic Mechanical And Morphological Behavior Of Blends Of Polystyrene And Poly[acrylonitrile-g-(ethyleneco-propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene] Prepared By In Situ Polymerization Of Styrene
No full textPS/AES blends were prepared by in situ polymerization of styrene in the presence of AES elastomer, a grafting copolymer of poly(styrene-co- acrylonitrile) - SAN and poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene)-EPDM chains. These blends are immiscible and present complex phase behavior. Selective extraction of the blends' components showed that some fraction of the material is crosslinked and a grafting of PS onto AES is possible. The morphology of the noninjected blends consists of spherical PS domains covered by a thin layer of AES. After injection molding, the blends show morphology of disperse elastomeric phase morphology in a rigid matrix. Two factors could contribute to the change of morphology: (1) the stationary polymerization conditions did not allow the mixture to reach the equilibrium morphology; (2) the grafting degree between PS and AES was not high enough to ensure the morphological stability against changes during processing in the melting state. The drastic change of EPDM morphology from continuous to disperse phase has as consequence a decrease in the intensity of the loss modulus peaks corresponding to the EPDM glass transition. However, the storage modulus at temperatures between the glass transition of EPDM and PS/SAN phases does not change significantly. This effect was attributed to the presence of the SAN rigid chains in the AES. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 113: 2638-2648, 2009.113426382648Galloway, J.A., Jeon, H.K., Bell, J.R., Macosko, W., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 183Ohishi, H., Ikehara, T., Nishi, T., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 80, p. 2347Katime, I., Quintana, J.R., Price, C., (1995) Mater Lett, 22, p. 297Ramsteiner, F., Heckmann, W., MacKee, G.E., Breulmann, M., (2002) Polymer, 42, p. 5995Socrate, S., Boyce, M.C., Lazzeri, A., (2001) Mech Mater, 33, p. 155Bucknall, C.B., (1989) Comprehensive Polymer Science, 10, pp. 27-47. , Allen, G, Bevington, J. C, Eastmond, G. C, Ledwith, A, Russo, S, Sigwalt, P, Eds, Pergamon Press: OxfordWu, J., Guo, B., Chan, C.-H., Li, J., Tang, H.-S., (2001) Polymer, 42, p. 8857Dompas, D., Groeninckx, G., (1994) Polymer, 35, p. 4743Choi, J.H., Ahn, K.H., Kim, S.Y., (2000) Polymer, 41, p. 5229Amado, F.D.R., Gondran, E., Ferreira, J.Z., Rodrigues, M.A.S., Ferreira, C.A., (2004) J Membr Sci, 234, p. 139Alfarraj, A., Nauman, E.B., (2004) Polymer, 45, p. 8435Matisová-Rychlá, L., Ryhlý, J., George, G.A., (2002) Polym Degrad Stab, 75, p. 385Saron, C., Felisberti, M.I., (2004) Mater Sci Eng A, 370, p. 293Larocca, N.M., Hage Jr, E., Pessan, L.A., (2004) Polymer, 45, p. 5265Tanabe, T., Furukawa, H., Okada, M., (2003) Polymer, 44, p. 4765Hwang, I.J., Lee, M.H., Kim, B.K., (1998) Eur Polym J, 34, p. 671Turchet, R.. Blendas de PMMA e AES: Morfologia e Propriedades Mecânicas, Master's Thesis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2002Lourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2007) J Appl Polym Sci, 105, p. 986Turchette, R.Felisberti, M. I. Polímeros:Ciência e Tecnologia 2006, 16, 158Ko, J., Park, Y., Choe, S., (1981) J Polym Sci: Polym Phys 1998, p. 36Sheng, J., Li, F.-K., Hu, J., (1998) J Appl Polym Sci, 67, p. 1199Keinath, S.E., Boyer, R.F., (1981) J Appl Polym Sci, 26, p. 2077Carvalho, F.P., Quental, A.C., Felisberti, M.I., (2008) J Appl Polym Sci, 110, p. 880Turchet, R., Felisberti, M.I., J Appl Polym Sci, , submittedLourenço, E., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) Eur Polym J, 42, p. 2632Szabó, P., Epacher, E., Földes, E., Pukánsky, E., (2004) Mater Sci Eng A, 383, p. 307Bucknal, C.B., (2001) J Microscopy, 201, p. 221Booij, H.C., (1977) Br Polym J, 9, p. 47Mäder, D., Bruch, M., Maier, R., Stricker, F., Mü lthaupt, R., (1999) Macromolecules, 32, p. 1252Lourenço, E., (2007) Caracterização de Poliestireno de Alto Impacto à base de elastômeros saturados de EPDM, , PhD Thesis, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilPaul, D.R., Bucknall, C.B., (1999) Polymer Blends, , John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New YorkPiorkowska, E., Argon, A.S., Cohen, R.E., Schneider, M., Pith, T., Lambla, M., (1993) Polymer, 34, p. 4435Schneider, M., Pith, T., Lambla, M., (1997) J mater Sci, 32, p. 5191Cassu, S.N., Felisberti, M.I., (2002) J Appl Polym Sci, 83, p. 830Cassu, S.N., Felisberti, M.I., (2004) J Appl Polym Sci, 93, p. 229
Thermal, Mechanical And Electrochemical Behaviour Of Poly(vinyl Chloride)/ Polypyrrole Blends (pvc/ppy)
No full textThe conductivity, thermal, mechanical and electrochemical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/polypyrrole blends are described in this paper. These blends were prepared by oxidative chemical polymerization of pyrrole, in the vapour phase, in PVC films impregnated with FeCl3. They were characterized by attenuated total reflectance FT i.r. spectra, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic-mechanical analysis. Infrared reflectance spectra suggested that the polymerization occurs preferentially on the matrix surface producing sandwich-type structures. The mechanical, thermal and conducting behaviour showed a dependence on (1) initial concentration of FeCl3 in the matrix and (2) exposition time to pyrrole vapour. By cyclic voltammetry we observe that blends synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization show electrochemical properties similar to blends prepared by electrochemical methods. Their conductivity varies from 10-4 to 10-1 S cm-1. Dynamic-mechanical analysis results suggest a certain degree of miscibility among the polymeric components of the blend. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.372351655170Diaz, A.F., Kanazawa, K.K., (1979) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., p. 635Peres, R.C.D., Pernaut, J.M., De Paoli, M.-A., (1991) J. Polym. Sci.: Part A: Polym. Chem., 29, p. 225De Paoli, M.-A., Waltman, R.J., Diaz, A.F., Bargon, J., (1985) J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., 23, p. 1687Bi, X., Pei, Q., (1987) Synth. Met., 22, p. 145Chen, Y., Qian, R., Li, G., Li, Y., (1991) Polym. Commun., 32, p. 189Zinger, B., Kijel, D., (1991) Synth. Met., 41-43, p. 1013Wang, H.L., Toppare, L., Fernandez, J.E., (1990) Macromolecules, 23, p. 1053Pron, A., Zagorska, M., Fabianovski, W., Raynor, J.B., Lefrant, S., (1987) Polym. Commun., 28, p. 193Ueno, T., Arntz, H.-D., Flesch, S., Bargon, J., (1988) J. Macromol. Sci.-chem., A25, p. 1557Kang, T.J., Miyata, S., Miyaki, T., (1993) Polym. Bull., 31, p. 593Nakata, M., Kise, H., (1993) Polym. J., 25, p. 91Olmedo, L., Hourquebie, P., Jousse, F., (1993) Adv. Mater., 5, p. 373Ferreira, C.A., Aeiyach, S., Delamar, M., Lacaze, P.C., (1990) J. Electroanal. Chem., 284, p. 351Niwa, O., Kakuchi, M., Tamamura, T., (1987) Macromolecules, 20, p. 749Quintas, M.C., Mano, V., Felisberti, M.I., De Paoli, M.-A., (1992) Proc. Simposio Iberoamericano de Polimeros, p. 141. , VigoMano, V., Felisberti, M.I., De Paoli, M.-A., Macromolecules, , submittedNiwa, O., Kakuchi, M., Tamamura, T., (1987) Polym. J., 19, p. 1293Mano, V., Felisberti, M.I., De Paoli, M.-A., (1993) Proc. 2° Congresso Brasileiro de Polimeros, p. 578. , São PauloAbrantes, L.M., Mesquita, J.C., Kalaji, M., Peter, L.M., (1991) J. Electroanal. Chem., 307, p. 275Diaz, A., (1981) Chem. Scripta, 17, p. 145Uosaki, K., Okazaki, K., Kita, H., (1990) J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Chem. Ed., 28, p. 399Diaz, A.F., Bargon, J., (1986) Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 1, p. 81. , Ed. T. A. Skothein, Marcel Dekker, New Yor
Polyhydroxybutyrate/acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) -g-styrene Blends: Their Morphology And Thermal And Mechanical Behavior
No full textPolyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable bacterial polyester emerging as a viable substitute for synthetic, semicrystalline, nonbiodegradable polymers. An elastomer terpolymer of acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-copropylene-co- diene)-g-styrene (AES) was blended with PHB in a batch mixer and in a twin-screw extruder to improve the mechanical properties of PHB. The blends were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and impact resistance measurements. Despite the narrow processing window of PHB, blends with AES could be prepared via the melting of the mixture without significant degradation of PHB. The blends were immiscible and composed of four phases: poly(ethylene-co-propylene- co-diene), poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile), amorphous PHB, and crystalline PHB. The crystallization of PHB in the blends was influenced by the AES content in different ways, depending on the processing conditions. A blend containing 30 wt % AES presented impact resistance comparable to that of high-impact polystyrene, and the value was about 190% higher than that of pure PHB. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.1102880889Zhao, Q., Cheng, G., Li, H., Ma, X., Zhang, L., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 10561Holmes, P.A., (1985) Phys Technol, 16, p. 32Yang, H., Ze-Sheng, L., Quian, H.-J., Yang, Y.-B., Zhang, X.-B., Sun, C.-C., (2004) Polymer, 45, p. 453Chen, C., Fei, B., Peng, S., Zhuang, Y., Dong, L., Feng, Z., (2002) Eur Polym J, 38, p. 1663Chen, C., Fei, B., Peng, S., Zhuang, Y., Dong, L., Feng, Z., Chen, S., Xia, H., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 88, p. 659Yoon, J.-S., Lee, W.-S., Jin, H.-J., Chin, I.-J., Kim, M.-N., Go, J.-H., (1999) Eur Polym J, 35, p. 781Volova, T., Shishatsksya, E., Sevastianov, V., Efremov, S., Mogilnaya, O., (2003) Biochem Eng J, 16, p. 125Cai, Z.J., Cheng, G.X., (2003) J Mater Sci Lett, 22, p. 153Chen, W., David, D.J., MacKnight, W.J., Karasz, F.E., (2001) Polymer, 42, p. 8407Verhoogt, H., Ramsay, B.A., Favis, B.D., (1994) Polymer, 35, p. 5155Wang, T.Z., Cheng, G.X., Ma, S.H., Cai, Z.J., Zhang, L.G., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 89, p. 2116Andrade, A.P., Neuenschwander, P., Hany, R., Egli, T., Witholt, B., Li, Z., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 4946Cheng, G.X., Cai, Z.J., Wang, L., (2003) J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 14, p. 1073Shi, F., Ashby, R., Gross, R.A., (1996) Macromolecules, 29, p. 7753Li, J., Li, X., Ni, X.P., Leong, K.W., (2003) Macromolecules, 36, p. 2661Cao, A., Kasuya, K., Abe, H., Doi, Y., Inoue, Y., (1998) Polymer, 39, p. 4801Avella, M., Marruseelli, E., (1988) Polymer, 29, p. 1731Avella, M., Marruseelli, E., Greco, P., (1991) Polymer, 32, p. 1647Shafee, E.E., (2001) Eur Polym J, 37, p. 451An, Y., Dong, L., Li, L., Mo, Z., Ferg, Z., (1999) Eur Polym J, 35, p. 365An, Y., Dong, L., Xing, P., Zhuang, Y., Mo, Z., Feng, Z., (1997) Eur Polym J, 33, p. 1449Iriondo, P.Iruin, J. 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Influence Of Colorants On Thermo-oxidative Degradation Of Polycarbonate [influência De Colorantes Na Degradação Termo-oxidativa Do Policarbonato]
No full textDyes and pigments are additives used in polymer systems to change the original coloration of the material. However, the thermal and photochemical stability of the polymer is frequently affected with the incorporation of these additives. The aim of this work was to study the influence of different colorant types (bismuth vanadate pigment, condensation diazo pigment, Cu-phthalocyanine dye and anthraquinone dye) on the thermo-oxidative stability of polycarbonate. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rate were carried out to evaluate the decomposition behavior of the material and to calculate the activation energy related to the decomposition process according to the FLYNN and WALL method. The curves of conversion rate showed that the polycarbonate with or without colorants present three steps of thermal decomposition, however the decomposition rate in theses steps for polycarbonate containing colorants is almost always higher than in polycarbonate without colorants. This indicates that the colorants accelerate the polycarbonate decomposition. On the other hand, the activation energy did not present the same behavior found to curves of conversion rate, suggesting that the decomposition reaction of polycarbonate does not follow a first order kinetic such as is based the FLYNN and WALL method.14310281038Moller, J., Stromberg, E., Karlsson, S., Comparison of extraction methods for sampling of low molecular compounds in polymers degraded during recycling (2008) European Polymer Journal, 44 (6), pp. 1583-1593Wu, D.Y., Meure, S., Solomon, D., Self-heading polymeric materials: A review of recent developments (2008) Progress In Polymer Science, 33, pp. 479-522Pospíšil, J., Horák, Z., Kruliš, Z., Nešpurek, S., Kuroda, E.S., Degradation and aging of polymer blends. Part 1. Thermomechanical and thermal degradation (1999) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 65 (2), pp. 405-414Pospíšil, J., Nešpurek, S., Photostabilisation of coatings. 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Blends Of Phb And Its Copolymers: Miscibility And Compatibility [blendas De Phb E Seus Copolímeros: Miscibilidade E Compatibilidade]
No full textPoly(hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymers are linear polyesters behaving as conventional thermoplastic materials. However, they are totally biodegradable and produced by a wide variety of bacteria from renewable sources. Some properties and high, production cost are still preventing future applications. In an attempt to improve the properties and to reduce cost blending PHB with others polymeric materials is one of the most efficient method. In this paper, miscibility, compatibility, morphological and mechanical aspects of PHB blends will be reviewed. An extensiverevision over twenty last years was realized about works of blends based on PHB and its copolymers.332438446Ha, C.S., Cho, W.J., (2002) Prog. Polym. Sci., 27, p. 759Avella, M., Martuscelli, E., Raimo, M.J., (2000) Mater. Sci., 35, p. 523Squio, G.R., Aragão, G.M.F., (2004) Quim. 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Photochemical Aging Of In Situ Polymerized Blends Of Polystyrene And Poly[acrylonitrile-g-(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene)-g-styrene] (aes)
No full textThe influence of photochemical aging of in situ polymerized PS/AES blends on their mechanical properties has been studied. The PS/AES blends were subjected to photochemical aging for 168 h and 720 h. Tensile properties and Izod impact resistance of aged and non-aged samples were evaluated. The mechanical properties of the PS/AES blends are influenced by the polymerization temperature and blend composition and represent a balance between the toughness of EPDM and the stiffness of SAN in the PS matrix. Even though the impact resistance and strain at break of HIPS are higher than those of the PS/AES blends, after the aging period all PS/AES blends showed higher strain at break than HIPS. PS/AES blends present higher photochemical stability than HIPS. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.911229682978Galloway, J.A., Jeon, H.K., Bell, J.R., Macosko, W., Block copolymer compatibilization of cocontinuous polymer blends (2005) Polymer, 46 (1), pp. 183-191Ohishi, H., Ikehara, T., Nishi, T., Phase morphologies and mechanical properties of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polycarbonate blends compatibilized with polystyrene and polyarylate block copolymer (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 80 (12), pp. 2347-2360Katime, I., Quintana, J.R., Price, C., Influence of the microstructural morphology on the mechanical properties of high-impact polystyrene (1995) Mater Lett, 22 (5-6), pp. 297-301Bucknall, C.B., (1989) Comprehensive polymer science, 10, pp. 27-47. , Allen G., Bevington J.C., Eastmond G.C., Ledwith A., Russo S., and Sigwalt P. (Eds), Pergamon Press, OxfordWu, J., Guo, B., Chan, C.-H., Li, J., Tang, H.-S., Synergistic toughening effect of SBS and HDPE on the fracture of the PS/HDPE/SBS blends (2001) Polymer, 42 (21), pp. 8857-8865Hwang, I.J., Lee, M.H., Kim, B.K., Preparation and properties of SAN/EPDM/CPE ternary blends (1998) Eur Polym J, 34 (5-6), pp. 671-675Vu-Khan, T., Time-temperature dependence in fracture behavior of high impact polystyrene (1998) Theor Appl Fract Mech, 29 (2), pp. 75-83Larocca, N.M., Hage Jr., E., Pessan, L.A., Toughening of poly(butylene terephthalate) by AES terpolymer (2004) Polymer, 45 (15), pp. 5265-5277Alfarraj, A., Nauman, E.B., Super HIPS: improved high impact polystyrene with two sources of rubber particles (2004) Polymer, 45 (25), pp. 8435-8442Saron, C., Felisberti, M.I., Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy applied to study the thermal and photodegradation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/high impact polystyrene blends (2004) Mat Sci Eng A, 370 (1-2), pp. 293-301Chiantore, O., Guaita, M., Lazzari, M., Ravanetti, G.P., Thermal oxidative degradation of AES (1995) Polym Degrad Stab, 47 (1), pp. 141-148Tanabe, T., Furukawa, H., Okada, M., Salami pattern formation during phase separation induced by polymerization of 2-chlorostyrene in the presence of polystyrene (2003) Polymer, 44 (17), pp. 4765-4768Pospíšil, J., Horak, Z., Kruliš, Z., Nešpůrek, S., Kuroda, S.-I., Degradation and aging of polymer blends I. Thermomechanical and thermal degradation (1999) Polym Degrad Stab, 65 (3), pp. 405-414Chiantore, O., Lazzari, M., Guaita, M., Oxidation and colour development in AES resins (1995) Polym Bull, 34 (3), pp. 353-359Faravelli, T., Pinciroli, M., Pisano, F., Bozzano, G., Dente, M., Ranzi, E., Thermal degradation of polystyrene (2001) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 60 (1), pp. 103-121Gardette, J.-L., Mailhot, B., Lemaire, J., Photooxidation mechanisms of styrenic polymers (1995) Polym Degrad Stab, 48, pp. 457-470Mailhot, B., Gardette, J.-L., Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman analysis of styrenic polymers (1996) Vibrat Spectrosc, 11 (1), pp. 69-78Chiantore, O., Trossarelli, L., Lazzari, M., Compatibilization effects in the thermal degradation of blends containing SAN and EPDM polymers (1998) Polymer, 39 (13), pp. 2777-2781Luzuriaga, S., Kovářová, J., Fortelný, I., Degradation of pre-aged polymers exposed to simulated recycling: properties and thermal stability (2005) Polym Degrad Stab, 91 (6), pp. 1226-1232Prasad, A.V., Singh, R.P., Photooxidative degradation of styrenic polymers: 13C-NMR and morphological changes upon irradiation (1998) J Appl Polym Sci, 70 (4), pp. 637-645De Paoli, M.-A., Geuskens, G., The photo-oxidation of EPDM rubber: part I-kinetics of oxygen consumption (1988) Polym Degrad Stab, 21 (3), pp. 277-283De Bruyn, H., Gilbert, R.G., Hawkett, B.S., Retardation by oxygen in emulsion polymerisation (2000) Polymer, 41 (24), pp. 8633-8639Cunningham, M.F., Geramita, K., Ma, J.W., Measuring the effects of dissolved oxygen in styrene emulsion polymerization (2000) Polymer, 41 (14), pp. 5385-539
Blends Of Polyethylene Terephthalate And Low Density Polyethylene Containing Aluminium: A Material Obtained From Packaging Recycling
No full textComposites of polyethylene and aluminium (PEAL) may be obtained from the recycling of postconsumed Tetra Pak aseptic packaging. The components of the composite are low density polyethylene (LDPE), aluminium and an ethylene-methacrylic acid random copolymer (EMAA). The presence of metallic filler and a functionalized copolymer, which may act as a compatibilizer, suggests that blending PEAL with other thermoplastic would be a way to obtain reinforced and compatibilized blends from recycled materials. Blends of PEAL and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were prepared in the compositions of 30, 50, and 70 wt % of PET in a twin-screw extruder. Blends of PET/LDPE and PET/EMAA were also prepared for comparison. The morphological analysis showed that the PET/PEAL blends present an excellent interfacial adhesion, similar to the PET/EMAA blend. The improvement of adhesion in comparison with the PET/LDPE blend is a result of the interaction between polar groups of PET and EMAA. PET/PEAL blends presented lower elongation at break and impact strength than the other blends whereas Young modulus was higher. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.106425242535Sperling, L.H., (1997) Polymeric Multicomponent Materials: An Introduction, , Wiley: New YorkFolkes, M.J., Hope, D.S., (1993) Polymer Blends and Alloys, , Springer-Verlag London Ltd: LondonUtracki, L.A., (1998) Commercial Polymer Blends, , Chapman & Hall: LondonSundararaj, U., Macosko, C.W., (1995) Macromolecules, 28, p. 2647Cigana, P., Favis, B.D., Jerome, R., (1996) J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 34, p. 1691Tirrel, D.A., (1988) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 4, pp. 192-233. , Mark, H. F, Bikales, N. M, Overberger, C. G, Menges, G, Eds, Wiley: New YorkMilner, S.T., Fredrickson, G.H., (1995) Macromolecules, 28, p. 7953Roe, R.J., Rigby, D., (1987) Adv Polym Sci, 82, p. 103Brown, H.R., Char, K., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 4155Cho, K., Ahn, T.O., Ryu, H.S., (1996) Polymer, 37, p. 4849Kulasekere, R., Kaiser, H., Ankner, J.F., Russell, T.P., Brown, H.R., Hawker, C.J., Mayes, A.M., (1996) Macromolecules, 29, p. 5493Sikka, M., Pellagrini, N.N., Schmitt, E.A., Winey, R.I., (1997) Macromolecules, 30, p. 445Holliday, L., (1975) Ionic Polymers, , Wiley: New YorkHara, M., Sauer, J.A., (1994) J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys, 34, p. 325Papadopoulou, C.P., Kalfoglou, N.K., (1998) Polymer, 39, p. 7015Leewajanakul, P., Pattanaolarn, R., Ellis, J.W., Nithitanakul, M., Grady, B.P., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 89, p. 620Kurian, T., Datta, S., Khastgir, D., De, P.P., Tripathy, D.K., De, S.K., Peiffer, D.G., (1996) Polymer, 37, p. 4787Samios, C.K., Kalfoglou, N.K., (2001) Polymer, 42, p. 3687Samios, C.K., Kalfoglou, N.K., (1998) Polymer, 39, p. 3863Retolaza, A., Eguiazabal, J.I., Nazabal, J., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 87, p. 1322Retolaza, A., Eguiazabal, J.I., Nazaboal, J., (2002) J Polym Eng Sci, 42, p. 2072(1977), U.S. Pat. 4,429,076Eur. Pat. 34,704 1981Papadopoulou, C.P., Kalfoglou, N.K., (2000) Polymer, 41, p. 2543Pang, Y.X., Jia, D.M., Hu, H.J., Hourston, D.J., Song, M., (2000) Polymer, 41, p. 357Guerrero, C., Lozano, T., Gonzalez, V., Arroyo, E., (2001) J Appl Polym Sci, 82, p. 1382Aglietto, M.Coltelli, M.-B.Savi, S.Lochiatto, F.Ciardelli, F. J Mater Cy Waste Manag 2004, 6, 13Aglietto, M., Coltelli, M.-B., Savi, S., Maggiore, I.D., (2005) Feedstock Recycling of Plastics, p. 503. , Muller-Hagedom, M, Bockhom, H, Eds, Universitatsverlag Karlsruhe: KarsruheBertin, S.Robin, J. J. Eur Polym J 2002, 38, 2255Santana, R.M.C., Manrich, S., (2003) J Appl Polym Sci, 88, p. 2861Neves, F. L. O Papel 1999, 61, 38Zuben, F.V., (1996) Proceedings of the III international Seminary in Aluminium RecyclingABAL, p. 147. , São PauloLopes, C.M.A., Felisberti, M.I., (2006) J Appl Polym Sci, 101, p. 3183Lopes, C. M. A. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2003Lopes, C.M.A., Felisberti, M.I., (2004) Polym Test, 23, p. 637Underwood, E.E., (1970) Quantitative Stereology, , Addison-Wesley: Reading, MAStandard Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsASTM D 638-98American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, 1998Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., (1992) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, , Sanders College PublishingPhiladelphiaStandard Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum Impact Resistance of PlasticsASTM D 256-98American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, 1998Márquez, L., Sabino, M.A., Rivero, I.A., (1998) Polym Bull, 41, p. 191Verfaillie, G., Devaux, J., Legras, R., (1999) Polymer, 40, p. 2929Pracella, M., Rolla, L., Chionna, D., Galeski, A., (2002) Macromol Chem Phys, 203, p. 1473Zhao, H.Y., Lei, Z.L., Wang, Z.G., Lei, Z.L., Wang, Z.G., Huang, B.T., (1999) Eur Polym J, 35, p. 355Huang, L., Pei, Q.W., Yuan, Q., Li, H.D., Cheng, F.M., Ma, H.C., Jiang, S.X., Jiang, W., (2003) Polymer, 44, p. 312
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