1,720,975 research outputs found
Face recognition and hand-washing behaviour in a hazardous health scenario
No full textHand-washing is of essential importance in the battle against cross-transmission of infectious
microorganisms in high-risk environments. We compared the response sensitivity, biases, and
reaction time (RT) to faces linked to different hand-washing behaviours in a hypothetical hospital
emergency ward: clean hands, dirty hands, or unknown hand-washing (control). The results of
two experiments showed no significant differences in sensitivity, biases, or RT to clean or dirty
hands, even though the sensitivity to them tended to be higher than in the control condition. The
third experiment examined if the occupation of hospital staff (nurses vs porters) modulated face
recognition linked to the previous hand-washing behaviours. Again, no reliable differences in
sensitivity and response bias were observed. On the other hand, the RT to nurses was faster
than to porters in all conditions. The absence of a clear memory advantage towards relevant
hand-washing behaviours in hazardous environments points to the need to devise better
strategies to remind people of the importance to observe (and remember) the hand-washing
behaviour of others when exposed to hazardous health environment
Long-lasting effects of early family environment on adults processing of brief affective facial expressions
No full textThis study investigated whether early family-related environmental factors (FrF) can still affect the adults’ ability to recognize very brief facial expressions of emotion. The accuracy and RT to the decoding of microexpressions of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness was measured in a repeated-measures 6-AFC paradigm. Five experiments revealed that up to 13% of the variance in responses could be predicted by early FrF such as attachment orientation, number of siblings, and parental authority style. The effect sizes were modest to moderate. The adults’ accuracy for fear and anger was inversely correlated with the number of siblings, whereas the accuracy for contempt was positively correlated with an avoidant attachment or with recalled permissive and authoritative fathers. The RT for fear tended to be faster in adults with a fearful attachment, and faster for anger in those with permissive fathers. The findings point to long-lasting FrF effects on affective processing and suggest a role for FrF in the fine tuning of adults’ responses to signs of contextual hostility or threat when the time available for evaluation is severely restricted
The effect of aging, encoding order, and race in contextual face recognition
No full textThe ability to recognize faces of cooperators and cheaters is essential to social exchanges. This study investigated the effect of age, encoding order, and race in the recognition of groups of faces tagged with different reputations (trustworthy, untrustworthy or neutral) using an "old/new" recognition task. The encoding duration for each group of four faces was brief (6s). Participants showed lower hit rates and longer reaction time for untrustworthy than trustworthy and neutral faces (all Caucasian faces), but no primacy or recency effects. The second experiment showed that young (18-29 years old) and intermediate-age adults (30-59 years old) had lower hit rates for untrustworthy faces than trustworthy ones, whereas seniors ([less than or equal to] 60 years old) were equally sensitive to all faces. As expected, RT and false alarm rates increased with age. In the third experiment half of the faces to be memorized were Caucasian and half were African (avatars generated with FaceGen software). Participants (34 Caucasian, 36 Afro-Caribbean) recognized the Caucasian faces significantly more accurately than African ones, and trustworthy faces better than untrustworthy ones. Participants tended to recognize faces of their own race better than the other race. Untrustworthy faces of the same race of the participants were better recognized than the other race. The findings suggest that face recognition is not solely based on a stereotypical evolutionary response. but rather on flexible cognitive processes that are sensitive to aging and race, and finely tuned to the changes in the context in which faces were encoded
Psychological determinants of Aesthetic and Affective preferences for nature and urban scenes: Anxiety, nature exposure, and mental imagery
No full textArtistic paintings and photographs are often used as alternatives to direct experiences of nature, and some may have restorative health effects not yet fully understood. This study examined if/how anxiety, sensory mental imagery, and prior exposure to nature impacted aesthetic and affective responses (AAR) to environmental scenes. Participants (n = 368) evaluated nature and urban scenes via three sets of ratings: aesthetic (liking) and affective (perceived openness and anticipated relaxation). Results showed that the strength of visual mental imagery significantly predicted AAR. Prior exposure to nature modulated responses to some nature scenes but had no effect on urban scenes. Higher anxiety levels influenced some emotional responses but not aesthetic ones. Findings may have diagnostic implications for assessing elevated anxiety levels as well as for designing wellbeing-promoting spaces in areas where direct access to nature is limited, such as hospitals, detention centers, and underground workplaces
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Mental imagery in aesthetic appreciation and the understanding of the self and others
No full textMental imagery refers to the ability to generate images in the“mind’s eye” in the absence of external stimulation (i.e., quasi-percepts), which allows us to con ate past and current events with imaginary futures in the ongoing narratives of ourselves. As such, mental imagery is likely to be associated with prosociality, emotional self-awareness, and aesthetic experiences, but empirical evidence is still limited. Experiment 1 examined if differences in styles of mental imagery were associated with social cognition and emotional self-awareness, while Experiment 2 examined if those imagery styles were associated with the aesthetic appreciation of visual forms of art. The findings showed that object-oriented imagery was associated with prosocial traits (empathy and the ability to be transported into ctional worlds), but not with perspective taking. Spatial-oriented imagery was associated with an increased difficulty describing one’s own feelings, while verbal-oriented imagery was associated with a better understanding of one’s own feelings. Visual styles of imagery (object, spatial) predicted some of the variation in the aesthetic appreciation of photographs (but not paintings), and such relationship was moderated by the vividness of the imagery (but not by art experience). Conversely, art experience (but not vividness) was a moderator of the appreciation of paintings, but only in individuals with a weak object-oriented imagery. The results point to reliable associations of mental imagery with prosociality and emotional self-awareness and support a role for imagery inne-tuning the aesthetic appreciation of visual art, and in inner simulations underpinning an adaptive imaginatio
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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