1,720,963 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Body size at birth predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress at age 60 to 70 years
No full textBackground: Studies in humans and animals have suggested intrauterine programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) function as an important mechanism in linking fetal life conditions with adult disease. Objective: Our aim was to assess how body size at birth, a marker of intrauterine conditions, is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress in late adulthood. Design and Setting: We conducted a clinical study in the Helsinki Birth Cohort. Participants: Two hundred eighty-seven men and women born between 1934 and 1944 whose birth measurements and gestational age came from hospital records participated in the study. Measurements: We measured salivary cortisol and, for 215 individuals, plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in conjunction with a standardized psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). Results: There was a linear relationship between low birth weight and low plasma ACTH but no linear relationship with cortisol. There were, however, quadratic relationships between birth weight and salivary (mixed model P = 0.001) and plasma cortisol (P = 0.005) but not with plasma ACTH (P = 0.1). The lowest peak salivary cortisol concentrations were seen in the lowest third of birth weights (adjusted for gestational age and sex): 12.9 nmol/liter (95% confidence interval of mean 11.2-15.0), compared with 17.1 nmol/liter (14.8-19.8) in the middle and 14.1 nmol/liter (12.6-15.7) in the highest third of birth weights. Corresponding figures for plasma cortisol were 418 nmol/liter (380-459), 498 nmol/liter (455-545), and 454 nmol/liter (428-482), and for plasma ACTH 8.17 pmol/liter (6.98-9.57), 12.42 pmol/liter (10.64-14.51), and 11.50 (10.06-13.14), respectively. Results for areas under the curve were similar. Conclusions: We found an inverse U-shaped relationship between birth weight and cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress. The lowest cortisol and ACTH concentrations were seen in subjects with the lowest birth weights. These results support the hypothesis that both hyper- and hypocortisolism may be programmed during the fetal period
Developmental origins of physiological stress reactivity
No full textThe model of developmental origins of health and disease proposes that organisms during fetal period utilize cues that enable their adaptation in the postnatal environment they are likely to live, having short-term advantages when trying to survive in environment but simultaneously in the long run have costs for health. A large body of epidemiological research has found that low birth weight, a marker of intrauterine conditions, is associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease. Since the reported associations of birth weight with normal variation in the resting blood pressure (BP), a major predictor of CV disease risk, have been modest, a key candidate mediating the link has been CV and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes (HPAA) reactivity to stress. In addition, not only weight at birth but also gestational age and early postnatal growth may have independent associations to stress reactivity.
The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether pre- and postnatal growth and gestational age are associated with CV and HPAA activity before, during and after stress in childhood and in late adulthood. Altogether 287 men and women aged 60-70 and 299 boys and girls aged 7-9 underwent Trier Social Stress Test. Several indices of HPAA and CV were measured and birth size and gestational age were obtained from birth records.
Results showed that low birth weight was associated with low HPAA activity during psychosocial stress, and rapid gain in BMI during years 7-11 was related to heightened stress reactivity to psychosocial stress. Size at birth in children and gestational age and early postnatal (0-2 years) gain in height in adults were associated with CV stress responses; however, in a sex-specific manner.
Given that CV stress responses and HPAA activity are markers of CV disease vulnerability, our results may partly explain the associations between early environment and later CV disease.Elinkaarinäkökulman mukaan kohdun sisäinen kasvuympäristö muokkaa sikiön elinten rakennetta ja toimintaa niin, että yksilö valmistautuu kohtaamaan syntymän jälkeisen ympäristön haasteet. Nämä muutokset voivat olla lyhyellä tähtäimellä hyödyllisiä, mutta samalla aiheuttaa häiriöitä aikuisiän terveydentilassa. Pieni syntymäkoko, jota käytetään usein kuvaamaan kohdunsisäisiä olosuhteita, on epidemiologisissa tutkimuksissa havaittu olevan yhteydessä aikuisiän korkeampaan riskiin sairastua sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin. Koska syntymäkoon yhteys lepoverenpaineeseen on kuitenkin melko heikko, onkin ehdotettu että varhainen kasvuympäristö muokkaakin enemmän sekä kardiovaskulaarijärjestelmän että hypothalamus-aivolisäke-lisämunuais akselin (HPAA) stressireaktiivisuutta, joka voi myös altistaa yksilön sydän- ja verisuonitaudeille.
Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää eri ikäryhmiin kuuluvilla henkilöillä syntymäkoon, raskauden keston ja varhaislapsuuden painoindeksin ja pituuden muutosten yhteys yksilön fysiologiseen aktiivisuuteen ennen stressiä, stressin aikana ja stressin jälkeen. 287 aikuista iältään 60-70 vuotta ja 299 lasta iältään 7-9 vuotta kävivät läpi Trierin Sosiaalisen Stressikokeen (TSST). Henkilöiltä mitattiin useita eri kardiovaskulaarisia ja HPAA suureita.
Tulokset osoittivat, että 60-70 -vuotiailla miehillä ja naisilla matala syntymäpaino oli yhteydessä matalaan HPA -aktiivisuuteen ja nopea painoindeksin nousu vuosien 7 ja 11 välillä korkeaan verenpainereaktiivisuuteen psykososiaalisen stressin aikana. Tulokset osoittivat myös, että syntymäkoko lapsilla ja sekä raskauden kesto että pituuden kasvu kahden ensimmäisen elinvuoden aikana aikuisilla olivat yhteydessä useisiin kardiovaskulaarisiin ja autonomisiin vasteisiin stressin aikana tai stressistä palauduttaessa, mutta näissä tuloksissa oli eroavaisuuksia sukupuolten välillä.
Koska HPAA ja kardiovaskulaarinen aktivaatio stressin aikana ja stressin jälkeen ovat sydän- ja verisuonitaudin riskitekijöitä, tulokset voivat osittain selittää varhaisen kasvuympäristön vaikutusta riskiin sairastua sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin.ei saavutettav
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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