1,721,019 research outputs found
Violent Youth and Public Policy: A Case Study of Juvenile Justice Law Reform
Get PDFThe purpose of this article by Feld was to examine the work of Minnesota\u27s Juvenile Justice Task Force of 1994 in light of policy, case law, and prior task force recommendations. The author, a member and co-chair of the Task Force, analyzed revisions in the Minnesota juvenile justice adjudicatory system as it converged juvenile and criminal court adjudication procedures and philosophy. Ultimately, the recommendations of the Task Force were presented and accepted by the Minnesota legislature, and subsequently included Minnesota\u27s 1994 Juvenile Crime Bill
Reference of Juvenile Offenders for Adult Prosecution: The Legislative Alternative to Asking Unanswerable Questions
Get PDFDRAWING ON SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EMPIRICAL EVALUATIONS OF JUDICIAL WAIVER ADMINISTRATION IN MINNESOTA AND ELSEWHERE, IT IS ARGUED THAT JUDICIAL WAIVER STATUTES REQUIRE JUVENILE COURTS TO MAKE INDIVIDUALIZED DETERMINATIONS AS TO A YOUTH\u27S AMENABILITY TO TREATMENT AND THE DANGER TO SOCIETY POSED BY THE YOUTH\u27S RETENTION WITHIN THE JUVENILE SYSTEM THAT, USING CURRENT METHODS OF CLINICAL PREDICTION, SIMPLY CANNOT BE MADE WITH AN ACCEPTABLE DEGREE OF ACCURACY. HOWEVER, IT IS BELIEVED THAT ACTUARIAL METHODS BASED ON PRESENT OFFENSE AND PAST RECORD CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY IN ROUGH TERMS THOSE JUVENILES LIKELY TO RECIDIVATE AND, ACCORDINGLY, POSE A THREAT TO PUBLIC SAFETY. THE VIEW IS EXPRESSED THAT A LEGISLATIVELY CREATED WAIVER MECHANISM THAT AUTOMATICALLY EXCLUDES CERTAIN YOUTHS FROM THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ON THE BASIS OF PRESENT OFFENSE AND PAST RECORD WILL NOT ONLY BE MORE ACCURATE IN IDENTIFYING THOSE WHO SHOULD BE TRANSFERRED, BUT WILL ELIMINATE JUDICIAL DISCRETION IN THE TRANSFER DECISION, AND MINIMIZE THE DANGERS OF INEQUITY AND DISCRIMINATION. THE MECHANISM PROPOSED IS A MATRIX THAT USES VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF PRESENT OFFENSE AND PAST RECORD TO MAKE THE DECISION. SOME OF THE ADVANTAGEOUS CHANGES IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUVENILE JUSTICE THAT MIGHT BE EXPECTED TO FLOW FROM ADOPTION OF THE PROPOSED WAIVER MECHANISM ARE INDICATED. THE APPENDIX CONTAINS A PROPOSED BILL TO IMPLEMENT THE RECOMMENDATION. AN APPENDIX AND EXTENSIVE FOOTNOTES ARE PROVIDED. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED -- RCB
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Police Interrogation of Juveniles: An Empirical Study of Policy and Practice
Get PDFThe Supreme Court does not require any special procedural safeguards when police interrogate youths and use the adult standard--“knowing, intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of the circumstances”--to gauge the validity of juveniles\u27 waivers of Miranda rights. Developmental psychologists have studied adolescents\u27 capacity to exercise Miranda rights, questioned whether juveniles possess the cognitive ability and adjudicative competence necessary to exercise legal rights, and contended that immaturity and vulnerability make juveniles uniquely susceptible to police interrogation tactics. In the four decades since the Court decided Miranda, we have almost no empirical research about what actually occurs when police interview criminal suspects, and we have no research about how police routinely question delinquents. Since 1994, the Minnesota Supreme Court has required police to record all interrogations of criminal suspects, including juveniles. This Article begins to fill the empirical void about adolescents\u27 competence in the interrogation room. It analyzes quantitative and qualitative data-- interrogation tapes and transcripts, police reports, juvenile court filings, and probation and sentencing reports--of routine police interrogation of fifty-three juveniles sixteen years of age or older and charged with felony-level offenses who waived their Miranda rights. It provides the first empirical analyses of the tactics and techniques police use to interrogate juveniles and how youths respond to them. Based on the data analyses, the Article addresses three interrogation policy issues: mandatory recording; limiting the lengths of interrogation; and the use of false evidence to elicit confessions
Abolish the Juvenile Court: Youthfulness, Criminal Responsibility, and Sentencing Policy
Get PDFThe juvenile court system should be abolished and all juvenile offenders should be integrated into the traditional criminal court system. The offenders\u27 age should be taken into account during sentencing. The juvenile court system is a failure because a criminal punishment system cannot also be a social welfare system
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