1,416 research outputs found
Hexapopha rheimsae Feitosa & Ott & Bonaldo 2023, sp. nov.
No full textHexapopha rheimsae sp. nov. Figs 35–36; Map 5 Type material: Holotype: male from Estaç „o Ecológica do Una, Una, Bahia, Brazil (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W), Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁, deposited in IBSP 64295, PBI_OON 51542. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1♁ (IBSP 64282, PBI _ OON 51532); 1♁ (IBSP 64281, PBI _ OON 51551). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honoring the arachnologist Cristina Anne Rheims (IBSP), recognizing her great contribution to the Goblin Spiders PBI. Diagnosis. Males are similar to those of H. santosi sp. nov. and H. erebai sp. nov. by the presence of a median concavity on the sternum (Figs 20A, 34B, 36A); They differ from H. erebai sp. nov. by the endite’s P1 not directed posteriorly, not reaching the anterior margin of sternum and from those of H. santosi sp. nov. by the labium anterior margin not projected forward at middle and by the subquadrangular endite’s P1 (Fig. 36C) (protuded distally in H. santosi sp. nov., Fig. 34D ). Description. Male (PBI_OON 51542). Total length 1.56. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace orange-brown, with Coxapopha -like pattern, pars cephalica domed in lateral view, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides finely granulate, fovea present (Figs 35B–C). Eyes ALE oval, PME circular, PLE oval; posterior eye row straight from both above and front; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius (Fig. 35E). Sternum longer than wide, pale orange, median concavity present, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, without pits, microsculpture absent (Figs 35D, 36B). Mouthparts: Chelicerae distal region unmodified (Fig. 35E). Labium anterior margin not indented at middle, much wider than long (Fig. 36C). Endites with a median projection (mp), a P1 and a P2; mp very short, directed anteriorly; P1 lamellar, directed anteriorly, situated posteriorly to mp. P2 short, situated anteriorly to mp (Figs 35F, C–E). ABDOMEN: dorsum soft portions pale orange. Book lung covers large, round. Dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible dorsally. Epigastric scutum not protruding. Postepigastric orange-brown, almost semicircular, covering nearly full length of abdominal length (Figs 35B, G). LEGS: pale orange. GENITALIA: Epigastric region with sperm pore situated at level of posterior spiracles. Palp proximal segments pale orange; embolus short, nearly three times longer than wide, tip flattened, not bent upwards; conductor present, filiform (Figs 35G–I, 36H–K). Female. Unknown. Other material examined. Brazil. Bahia. Una: Estaç „o Ecológica do Una (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W) Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁ (IB64523, PBI _ OON 51575). Distribution. Known only from type locality, Una, state of Bahia, Brazil (Map 5).Published as part of Feitosa, Níthomas M., Ott, Ricardo & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2023, Meeting the southern brothers: a revision of the Neotropical spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Víquez, 2014 (Araneae, Oonopidae), pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5329 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5329.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/824400
Hexapopha brescoviti Feitosa & Ott & Bonaldo 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Hexapopha brescoviti</i> sp. nov. <p>Figs 9–10; Map 3</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <b>Holotype:</b> male from Estaç „o Ecológica do Una, Una, Bahia, Brazil (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W), Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., deposited in IBSP 62547, PBI_OON 52428. <b>Paratypes</b>: same data as holotype, 1♁ (IBSP 64290, PBI _ OON 46388); 2003, M.F. Dias, 1♁ (IBSP 62552, PBI _ OON 46410).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific name is a patronym honoring the arachnologist Antonio D. Brescovit (IBSP) in recognition of his great contribution to the Goblin Spiders PBI.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Males resemble those of <i>H. una</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by the presence of retromarginal sclerotized projections on the paturon (Fig. 10E), differing by the laminar endite’s P2 (Fig. 10C) (horn-shaped in <i>H. una</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>, Fig. 8C).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. <i>Male</i> (PBI_OON 52428). Total length 1.70. CEPHALOTHORAX: <i>Carapace</i> orange brown, with <i>Coxapopha</i> -like pattern, <i>pars cephalica</i> strongly elevated in lateral view, surface of elevated portion of <i>pars cephalica</i> smooth, sides scaly, fovea present (Figs 9B–C). <i>Eyes</i> ALE circular, PME circular, PLE oval; posterior eye row straight from both above and front; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius (Fig. 9E). <i>Sternum</i> as long as wide, orange-brown, median concavity absent, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, without pits, microsculpture absent (Figs 9D, 10A). <i>Mouthparts</i>: Chelicerae paturon lateral face with one sclerotized projection; distal region unmodified (Figs 9E–F, 10D). Labium triangular, anterior margin not indented at middle (Fig. 10B). Endites with a median projection (mp), a P1, a P2, a P3, a P4 and a P5; mp short, directed anteriorly; P1 lamellar, bent upwards, situated laterally to mp, anterior margin serrated. P2 lamellar, situated anteriorly to mp. P3 short, situated anteriorly to P2. P4 lamellar, situated anteriorly to P2, laterally to P3. P5 short, situated anteriorly to P3 (Fig. 10C). ABDOMEN: dorsum soft portions pale orange, without color pattern. Book lung covers small, very narrow. Dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above. Epigastric scutum not protruding. Postepigastric scutum orange-brown, long, semicircular, covering nearly full length of abdominal length. Dorsal area anterior with hair tufts (Figs 9A–B,G). LEGS: orange-brown. GENITALIA: Epigastric region with sperm pore situated posteriorly in relation to posterior spiracles. Palp proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, not bent upwards; conductor absent (Figs 9G–I, 10F–I).</p> <p> <i>Female</i>. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> <b> Brazil. Bahia. <i>Una</i>:</b> Estaç „o Ecológica do Una (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W) Oct, 1999 – Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁ (IBSP 64556, PBI _ OON 52425); 1♁ (IBSP 64195, PBI _ OON 46399); 1♁ (IBSP 268376, PBI _ OON 52494); 1♁ (IBSP 64401, PBI _ OON 46404); 1♁ (IBSP 238378, PBI _ OON 44914);1♁ (IBSP 64326, PBI _ OON 52423); 1♁ (IBSP 65127, PBI _ OON 46409); 1♁ (IBSP 65225, PBI _ OON 46387; 1♁ (IBSP 65307 PBI _ OON 51525); 1♁ (IBSP 64466, PBI _ OON 51530); 1♁ (IBSP 65261, PBI _ OON 51534); 1♁ (IBSP 65303, PBI _ OON 51536); 1♁ (IBSP 65103, PBI _ OON 51537); 1♁ (IBSP 64442, PBI _ OON 52418); 1♁ (IBSP 64304, PBI _ OON 51549); 1♁ (IBSP 64317, PBI _ OON 51553); 1♁ (IBSP 64551, PBI _ OON 51564); 1♁ (IBSP 65298, PBI _ OON 51556); 1♁ (IBSP 64224, PBI _ OON 51557); 1♁ (IBSP 65229, PBI _ OON 51558); 1♁ (IBSP 64487, PBI _ OON 51559); 1♁ (IBSP 64440, PBI _ OON 51561); 2003, M.F. Dias leg. 1♁ (IBSP 62543, PBI _ OON 46408); 1♁ (IBSP 62553, PBI _ OON 51538); 1♁ (IBSP 62550, PBI _ OON 51554).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known only from the type locality, state of Bahia, Brazil (Map 3).</p>Published as part of <i>Feitosa, Níthomas M., Ott, Ricardo & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2023, Meeting the southern brothers: a revision of the Neotropical spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Víquez, 2014 (Araneae, Oonopidae), pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5329 (1)</i> on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5329.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8244009">http://zenodo.org/record/8244009</a>
Hexapopha ruizi Feitosa & Ott & Bonaldo 2023, sp. nov.
No full textHexapopha ruizi sp. nov. Figs 40–41; Map 6 Type material: Holotype: male from Estaç „o Ecológica do Una, Una, Bahia, Brazil (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W), Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁, deposited in IBSP 65150, PBI_OON 52429. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1♁ (IBSP 65231, PBI _ OON 46405); 2♁ (IBSP 62561, PBI _ OON 51529); 1♁ (IBSP 65141, PBI _ OON 51565); 2003, M.F. Dias, 1♁ (IBSP 62555, PBI _ OON 46391). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honoring the arachnologist Gustavo Rodrigo Sanches Ruiz (Universidade Federal do Pará) recognizing his great contribution to the Goblin Spiders PBI. Diagnosis. Males differ from those of other species with conductor length half the embolus length or shorter (H. santosi sp. nov., H. rheimsae sp. nov., H. itabaiana sp. nov. and H. ramirezi sp. nov., Figs 34J, 36J, 43I, 45J) as follows: from H. santosi sp. nov. and H. rheimsae sp. nov., by the absence of a median concavity on the sternum (Fig. 41B); from H. itabaiana sp. nov. and H. ramirezi sp. nov. by the lamellar, anteriorly directed endite`s P1 (Fig. 41D) (transversal, not lamellar in H. itabaiana sp. nov. and H. ramirezi sp. nov.). Description. Male (PBI_OON 52429). Total length 1.30. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace orange-brown, with Coxapopha-like pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides finely scaly, fovea present (Figs 40B–C). Eyes ALE oval, PME circular, PLE oval; posterior eye row straight from both above and front; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius (Fig. 40E). Sternum longer than wide, pale orange, median concavity absent, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, without pits, microsculpture absent (Figs 40D, 41B). Mouthparts: Chelicerae distal region unmodified (Fig. 40E). Labium anterior margin not indented at middle, much wider than long (Fig. 41D). Endites with a median projection (mp), a P1, a P2 and a P3; mp very short, directed anteriorly; P1 lamellar, directed anteriorly, situated laterally to mp. P2 short, situated anteriorly to mp. P3 lamellar, directed anteriorly, situated posteriorly to P1 (Figs 41C–E). ABDOMEN: dorsum soft portions pale orange. Book lung covers large, ovoid. Dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above. Epigastric scutum not protruding. Postepigastric scutum orange-brown, long, semicircular, covering nearly full length of abdominal length (Figs 40B,G, 41F). LEGS: pale orange. GENITALIA: Epigastric region with sperm pore situated at level of posterior spiracles. Palp proximal segments pale orange; embolus dark, tip flattened, not bent upwards; conductor present, without projections, half the length of the embolus, broader at base (Figs 40G–I, 41H–L). Female. Unknown. Other material examined. Brazil. Bahia. Una: Estaç „o Ecológica do Una (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W) Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁ (IBSP 65142, PBI _ OON 44344); 1♁ (IBSP 65131, PBI _ OON 51527); 1♁ (IBSP 64233, PBI _ OON 46401); 3♁ (IBSP 64369, PBI _ OON 51541); 2♁ (IBSP 65153, PBI _ OON 51548); 1♁ (IBSP 64491, PBI _ OON 51550); 1♁ (IBSP 65174, PBI _ OON 51552); 1♁ (IBSP 64364, PBI _ OON 51555); 1♁ (IBSP 65175, PBI _ OON 51562); 1♁ (IBSP 65460, PBI _ OON 51570); 1♁ (IBSP 64312, PBI _ OON 46394); 1♁ (IBSP 65147, PBI _ OON 46400); 2003 M.F. Dias 1♁ (IBSP 62544, PBI _ OON 51574); 1♁ (IBSP 62554, PBI _ OON 51566). Distribution. Known only from type locality, Una, state of Bahia, Brazil (Map 6).Published as part of Feitosa, Níthomas M., Ott, Ricardo & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2023, Meeting the southern brothers: a revision of the Neotropical spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Víquez, 2014 (Araneae, Oonopidae), pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5329 (1) on pages 63-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5329.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/824400
TIPE KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH UTAMA PADA NOVEL “INTROVER” KARYA M.F. HAZIM
No full textThe author tries to analyze the personality of the main characters using the study of literary psychology, whether the main character is more melancholic or pblegmatic. M.F. Hazim in his novel "Introver" tells the story of the world intover. Reading it, we are invited to explore in the mind and soul of an introver who is always nervous, restless, and upset; also the inner conflict that torments him, and how he finds "friends" to fill his loneliness and make his life more meaningful. The author wants to know more clearly what exactly the lives of introverts are in their daily lives. This research is directed to one main problem, namely "What is the personality type of the main character introver in the" Introver "novel by M.F. Hazim ". This research uses descriptive qualitative method with heuristic and hermeneutic reading techniques in order to understand and reveal "something" contained in literary works. The results of the research that have been carried out are in accordance with the research hypothesis, namely the main character Nawawi has an introvert personality type in the novel "Introver" by M.F. Hajim. Researchers found 42 quotes stating that Nawawi has an introverted personality type. Of the 42 quotes that have been found, 28 quotes state that Nawawi has a melancholic personality type and 14 quotes state that Nawawi has a phlegmatic personality type
Hexapopha santosi Feitosa & Ott & Bonaldo 2023, sp. nov.
No full textHexapopha santosi sp. nov. Figs 32–34; Map 4 Type material: Holotype: male from Estaç „o Ecológica do Una, Una, Bahia, Brazil (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W), Oct. 1999 – Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁, deposited in IBSP 63932, PBI_OON 51526. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 1♁, 1♀ (IBSP 65264, PBI _ OON 52424); 1♁ (IBSP 64207, PBI _ OON 51535); 1♁ (IBSP 65263, PBI _ OON 51545). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym honoring the arachnologist Adalberto José dos Santos (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), recognizing his great contribution to the Goblin Spiders PBI. Diagnosis. Males resemble those of H. rheimsae sp. nov. and H. erebai sp. nov. by the presence of a median concavity in the sternum (Figs 20A, 34B, 36A). They differ from H. erebai sp. nov. by the endite’s P1 not posteriorly directed, not reaching the anterior margin of sternum (Fig. 34D) and from both H. rheimsae sp. nov. and H. erebai sp. nov. by the labium anterior margin projected forward at middle (Fig. 34D). They further differ from H. rheimsae sp. nov. by the endite’s P1 protuded distally (subquadrangular in H. rheimsae sp. nov.). Females differ from those of other species with a narrow postepigastric plate (distinctly wider than long) bearing a small scape (H. quadraginta s p. nov., H. kropfi sp. nov., H. wangi sp. nov., H. izquierdoi sp. nov. and H. ubicki sp. nov.; Figs 38G, 57J, 75J, 78J, 87J) by the postepigastric plate elevated posteriorly (Fig. 33H). Description. Male (PBI_OON 51526). Total length 1.65. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace orange-brown, with Coxapopha -like pattern, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view, surface of elevated portion of pars cephalica smooth, sides granulate, fovea present (Figs 32B–C). Eyes ALE oval, PME circular, PLE oval; posterior eye row recurved from above, straight from front; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius (Fig. 32E). Sternum longer than wide, pale orange, median concavity present, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow smooth, surface smooth, without pits, microsculpture absent (Figs 32D, 33B–C). Mouthparts: Chelicerae widely divergent, distal region unmodified (Fig. 32E). Labium anterior margin anteriorly projecting at middle, much wider than long (Fig. 34D). Endites with a median projection (mp), a P1, a P2 and a P3; mp very short, directed anteriorly; P1 lamellar, directed anteriorly, situated laterally to mp. P2 short, lamellar, situated anteriorly to mp. P3 short, lamellar, directed anteriorly, situated posteriorly to P1 (Figs 32F, 34D–E). ABDOMEN: dorsum soft portions pale orange. Book lung covers large, ovoid. Dorsal scutum orange-brown, covering full length of abdomen, no soft tissue visible from above. Epigastric scutum not protruding. Postepigastric scutum pale orange, almost semicircular, covering nearly full length of abdominal length (Figs 32B,G, 34F). LEGS: pale orange. GENITALIA: Epigastric region with sperm pore situated at level of posterior spiracles. Palp proximal segments pale orange; embolus very short (only twice longer than wide), tip flattened, not bent upwards; conductor present, tip thornlike, without projections, half the length of the embolus, broader at base (Figs 32G–I, 34H–K). Female (PBI_OON 52424). As in male except as noted. Total length 1.92. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace without any pattern, pars cephalica slightly elevated in lateral view, sides finely reticulate (Fig. 33B). Eyes PLE circular; posterior eye row straight from above; PME separated by less than their radius (Fig. 33E). Mouthparts: Chelicerae, endites and labium pale orange. Labium rectangular, anterior margin indented at middle (Fig. 33D). ABDOMEN: Postepigastric scutum orange-brown, long, semicircular (Figs 33A–B,F). GENITALIA: Ventral view: postepigastric plate nearly three times wider than long, with posterior margin slightly protruding, postepigastric scape present, pointed ventrally (Figs 33G–H). Other material examined. Brazil. Bahia. Una: Estaç „o Ecológica do Una (14º48’S, 39º02’W / 15º17’48”S, 39º04’28”W) Oct, 1999– Sept. 2000, M.F. Dias leg., 1♁ (IBSP 65101, PBI _ OON 51528); 1♁ (IBSP 64265, PBI _ OON 51567); 1♁ (IBSP 65306, PBI _ OON 51573); 1♁ (IBSP 65501, PBI _ OON 51540); 1♁ (IBSP 65251, PBI _ OON 52427). Distribution. Known only from type locality, Una, state of Bahia, Brazil (Map 4).Published as part of Feitosa, Níthomas M., Ott, Ricardo & Bonaldo, Alexandre B., 2023, Meeting the southern brothers: a revision of the Neotropical spider genus Hexapopha Platnick, Berniker & Víquez, 2014 (Araneae, Oonopidae), pp. 1-150 in Zootaxa 5329 (1) on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5329.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/824400
Prionopelta dubia Ladino & Feitosa 2020, sp. n.
No full textPrionopelta dubia sp. n. Figures 18–21, 35A Holotype worker: BOLIVIA: Beni: Est. Biol. Beni, 42km, E. San Borja, 210m, 14°48’S 66°23’W, 5.ix.1987, P.S. Ward col., #9085-20, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood, trop. moist forest), #9085-1, DZUP549772 (1 specimen) [DZUP]. Paratype workers. same data as holotype, DZUP549773 (1 specimen) [DZUP]; DZUP549774 (1 specimen) [DZUP]; DZUP759775 (1 specimen) [DZUP]; same data, CASENT0863190 (1 specimen) [CASC]; DZUP549776 (1 specimen) [UCDC]; DZUP549777 (1 specimen) [USNM]. Diagnosis. Basal and median tooth of mandible mainly subequal in length; clypeus evenly rounded; lateral portion of frons with shallow and dense sculpturing; head with dense pubescence in dorsal-oblique view. Twelve antennomeres. Holotype measurements. HL 0.53; HW 0.44; SL 0.24; WL 0.63; PrL 0.23; PrW 0.29; PetNL 0.13; PetW 0.23; PetH 0.17; PetL 0.16; T1L 0.24; T1W 0.35; TL 1.56; CI 83; SI 54; PetI 176; PetHI 106; PetWI 143. Worker measurements (n=13). HL 0.46–0.58; HW 0.41–0.50; SL 0.24–0.28; WL 0.56 –0.70; PrL 0.22–0.27; PrW 0.26–0.34; PetNL 0.13–0.18; PetW 0.20–0.26; PetH 0.16–0.20; PetL 0.15–0.18; T1L 0.19–0.25; T1W 0.30– 0.40; TL 1.38–1.70; CI 81–91; SI 50–63; PetI 142–185; PetHI 88–120; PetWI 122–160. Queen measurements (n=9). HL 0.64–0.65; HW 0.54–0.55; SL 0.31–0.35; WL 0.90–0.92; PrL 0.18–0.20; PrW 0.31–0.47; PetNL 0.17–0.19; PetW 0.30–0.35; PetH 0.21–0.22; PetL 0.21–0.22; T1L 0.25–0.27; T1W 0.44–0.47; TL 1,79–2.00; CI 83–85; SI 56–64; PetI 157–205; PetHI 95–104; PetWI 142–159. Male measurements (n=5). HL 0.42–0.44; HW 0.38–0.46; SL 0.11–0.12; WL 0.73–0.77; PrL 0.04–0.08; PrW 0.15–0.26; PetNL 0.10–0.12; PetW 0.17–0.18; PetH 0.14–0.16; PetL 0.15–0.16; T1L 0.24–0.25; T1W 0.29–0.30; TL 1.54–1.60; CI 90–106; SI 23–31; PetI 141–180; PetHI 93–100; PetWI 113–120. Worker description. Body yellow to light brown. Integument covered by dense punctulate sculpturing; space between the punctures of lateral portion of frons corresponding to one or two puncture diameters in full-face view. Pubescence abundant over the entire body. Head longer than broad; length of basal tooth and median tooth of mandible mainly subequal; basal margin of mandible straight. Clypeus evenly rounded anteriorly. Twelve antennomeres; antennomeres 1–4 separated by deep constrictions. Eye placed immediately posterior to the head midlength. Pronotum slightly broader than long. Distance between the propodeal spiracle and the bulla of the metapleural gland corresponding to half the diameter of the spiracle; distance between the propodeal spiracle and the propodeal dorsum corresponding to three spiracular diameters. Petiolar node as long as high. Subpetiolar process forming a relatively broad lobe, with its anterior and posterior margins subparallel; posterior margin concave; posteroventral angle obtuse. Queen. Distance between the propodeal spiracle and the propodeal dorsum corresponding to two spiracular diameters. Male. Anterior clypeal margin and frontoclypeal suture medially rounded. Distance between the propodeal spiracle and the bulla of the metapleural gland corresponding to half or less than half spiracular diameter; distance between the propodeal spiracle and the propodeal dorsum corresponding to two spiracular diameters. Etymology. The name refers to the authors’ doubts regarding the identity of this species in several stages of this work, and its historical misinterpretation in scientific collections and repositories, where the individuals have been mainly confused with P. amabilis. From Latin dubium = doubt. Distribution (Fig. 35A). Prionopelta dubia is known from southwestern Mexico to southeastern Brazil. Comments. Besides its diagnostic characters, the species is recognized by its abundant pilosity. This species is commonly confused with P. amabilis. This may be related to the fact that the holotype of P. amabilis had not been photographed nor deposited in an open database of images. These issues were resolved at the end of 2019. Despite a thorough description of P. amabilis by Borgmeier (1949), Prionopelta comprises ants with subtle differences among its species, and consequently, the probability of misinterpretation is greater. Here, we were able to establish the true identify of P. amabilis and to recognize differences between it and P. dubia. Prionopelta dubia and P. amabilis are broadly sympatric. They are similar in being shallowly punctate on the head dorsum and having a broad subpetiolar process. Prionopelta dubia has more closely-spaced puncta, the clypeus is evenly rounded, and the basal and median tooth of mandible tend to be similar in length. Prionopelta amabilis has more widely-spaced puncta, the clypeus slightly projecting medially, and the basal tooth of the mandible is distinctly larger than the median tooth. In Central America and some localities of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, P. dubia may be more conspicuously pubescent and posterior portions of the head may be more infuscated. These traits are gradually less visible in specimens occurring through southern Central American countries and almost imperceptible in the specimens from the remaining countries of South America. Natural history. The species is mainly known from litter samples collected in tropical forests. It is reported at elevations of 50–1500m. Longino (unpublished notes available on AntWeb.org) observed pleometrotic colony founding, with pairs of queens in small chambers under rotting bark. Field notes by Lívia Pires do Prado and Rogério Rosa da Silva (#LPP_304), suggest that workers move very slowly and that the colonies inhabit fallen logs with a high degree of decomposition. Additional material examined (211 specimens). BELIZE: Cayo District: Chiquibul, N.P., Doyle’s Delight, Dry Creek Area, 16°29’23”N 89°02’45”W, 950m, 20-27.viii.2007, P.W. Kovarik col., CASENT0614798 (1 queen) [JTLC]. BRAZIL: Acre: Mâncio Lima, Serra do Divisor, Barreiro, 07°27’9.22”S 73°39’58.24”W, 260m, 15- 18.xi.2016, R.M. Feitosa, T.S. Silva & A.C. Ferreira cols. (2 workers, 1 queen) [DZUP]. Porto Water, 08°15’31.2”S 72°46’37.1”W, 05.ii-17.iv.1997, J. Caldwell col., E. hahnelii (1 worker, 1 queen) [CEPEC]. Amazonas: 19.ix.1962, W.L. Brown col., Benjamin Constant AM, (6 workers, 1 queen) [MZSP]. Balbina, 19.iv-02.v.1988, N. Degalier col., armadilha de interceptação, isca de fezes humana (1 queen) [MPEG]. Manaus, 23.i.1994, A.G. Casimiro col., #4832, Rs 3304, (1 worker) [CEPEC]; same data, Rio Branco Rd. Km 4 from fork of Amaz. Rte 1, -7.730534 -61.832043, 22.viii.1962, W.L. Brown col., W-292, berlesate, rainforest, CASENT0172305 (1 worker) [ANIC]. Pres. Figueiredo, I. PE Inchado, L. Balbina, 1°54’45’’S 59°29’75’’W, 13.xii.1994, Queiroz col., arm. de solo, mata primaria (1 queen) [DZUP]. Bahia: Aritaguá, 23.xi.1998, J.R.M. Santos col., cacaual (1 worker) [CEPEC]; (2 workers) [DZUP]. Barrolândia, CEPLAC, 16°06’S 39°17’W, 06-07.iv.2002, L.S. Ramos & S. Lacau cols., 66 (4 workers) [DZUP]. CEPEC, 14.ii.1991, B. Santos col., #4377 (1 worker) [MZSP]. Ibicaraí, km 41, 14537s 0392901w, 21.xi.1998, Santos J.R.M. col. (2 workers, 1 queen) [CEPEC]. Iguaí, 14°38’38’’S 40°09’12’’W, 907m, 2011-2012, Santos R. e cols., Winkler, submontane, ombrophylous (1 worker) [CEPEC]. Ilhéus, Cacaual, v.1998, Carmo, J.C.S. col. (2 workers) [DZUP]; same data, 27.vii.2000, S. Lacau col. (1 worker, 1 queen, 1 male) [CEPEC]; same data, 16.i.1991, B. Santos col., #4377 (1 queen) [DZUP]. CEPLAC, Curso Poneromorfas, 14°46’27.6’’S 39°13’16.7’’W, 05.v.2014, Silvestre et al. cols. (1 worker) [UFGD]. Itati, Serra das Piabas, 13°57’26”S 40°01’51”W, 800m, 16-19.xi.2004, Lacau L. & Jahyny, J. cols. (4 workers) [CEPEC]. Jussari, Anuri, 152530S 0392719W, 27.v.1999, Santos, J.R.M. col., 66 (1 queen) [CEPEC]. Uruçuca, 12.viii.1991, Santos B. col., #4463, Emarc _Q. 5 (2 workers) [DZUP]. Goiás: Cavalcante, Serra da Contenda, 13°29’42.4’’S 47°33’01.6’’W, 15.x.2004, Silva R.R. & Dietz B.H. cols., Winkler, mata ciliar (4 workers) [MZSP]. Pará: Ald. Araçu, Igar. Urupi-Uma, 4.v.1963, B. Malkin col. (2 workers) [MZSP]. Belém, 13.xi.1974, D. Dias col., #13282 (2 workers) [MPEG]; same data, 12-19.viii.1962, K. Lenko col. (3 workers) [MZSP]; same data, Sampaio (1 worker) [MZSP]. Curionópolis, Projeto Antas do Norte, T1, 2.60577S 48.86185W, 06.iv.2017, M.G.T. Tavares col., Winkler (1 worker) [MPEG]. Fazenda Velha, 04.xii.1974, MF Torres (1 worker) [MPEG]; (1 worker) [DZUP]. Curionópolis, Projeto Antas do Norte, T1, 06°13’47.1’’S 49°45’20.5’’W, 5-7.viii.2017, M.G.T. Tavares col., Winkler (1 worker) [MPEG]. Itaituba, Mina do Palito S2, 06°19’39.8’’S 55°47’31.5’’W, 02.ii.2018, Silva R.R. & Prado L.P. cols., #LPP_304, busca ativa (1 worker) [MPEG]. Marituba, 1°22’S 48°20’W, 19.x.2004, Santos, J.R.M. col., 21 (1 queen) [DZUP]. Mocombo, 06.ii.1979, M.F. Torres col. (1 queen) [MPEG]. Paragominas, 2°59’S 47°21’W, i-vii.2011, R. Solar col., baited pitfall, UFV LABECOL n° 000157 (1 queen) [UFV]. Tailândia, Agropalma Área 4, 2.61787S 48.87190W, 18.vi.2016, R.R. Silva & E.L. Siqueira cols., Winkler (1 worker) [MPEG]; same data, Dendê 2, 2.60577S 48.86185W, 20.vi.2016, R.R. Silva & E.L. Siqueira cols., Winkler (1 worker) [MPEG]. Paraná: Rondon, iv.1965, F. Plaummann col., #4767 (3 workers, 1 queen) [MZSP]. Rondônia: Porto Velho, Área Abunã, 9°38’05.6”S 65°27’11.2”W, 17-27.vii.2013, Mazão G.R. & Probst R.S. cols. (1 worker) [DZUP]. São Paulo: Caraguatatuba, Res. Flor. 40m, 22.v-1.vi.1962, Exp. Dep. Zool. (1 worker) [MZSP]; same data, vii.1965 (1 worker) [MZSP]. Miracatu, Serra do Mar, Clube Pesca & Cia, 04-07.ix.2014, Feitosa R.M. col., Winkler (1 worker) [MZSP]. Picinguaba, P.E. Serra do Mar, 23°20’10”S 44°50’15.3”W, 30.iii- 04.iv.2001, Brandão C.R.F. e Eq. cols. Winkler (6 workers) [DZUP]; (3 workers) [MZSP]. São Vicente, Pq. Estadual do Xixová-Japui, 23°59’S 46°23’W, 18.iv.2011, Rodolfo da Silva Probst col., Winkler (2 workers) [DZUP]; (1 worker) [MZSP]; same data, 23.iv.2011 (4 workers) [MZSP]; same data, 25.vii.2011, Winkler (1 worker) [MZSP]. Tocantins: Araguaína, 01.iv.2016, W.H. Brandão & V.E. Sandoval cols., ANTWEB1032566 (1 queen) [UFV]. COLOMBIA : Amazonas: 7km N. Letícia, 10-25.ii.1972, S.J. Peck col., en hojarasca CASENT0810431 (1 worker) [MIZA]. Isla Gorgona: M.L. Baena col., GAcd13 (1 worker) [MZSP]; same data, Gacd 21 (1 queen) [MZSP]. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Bijagua, 10.71400 -85.03600 ± 2km, 1000m, 15-19.viii.2010, M. Pollet & A. De Braekeleer cols., pan trap, wet forest, CR/HE/PR/BPT01-05, CASENT0636122 (1 queen) [JTLC]. Río Peñas Blancas, 10.302N 34.706W, 940m, 04.vii.1984, J. Longino col., within day coll. no 1-stray, LACM ENT 142626 (1 worker) [JTLC]; same data, 10°18’N 84°45’W, 950m, 02.ii.1994, #3528, INBIOCRI001282968 (1 queen) [JTLC]. Limón: Res. Biol. Hitoy-Cerere, 9.65238 -83.02206 ± 25m, 670m, 11.vi.2015, ADMAC, #Wm-E-02-1-06, ex. sifted leaf litter, tropical rainforest, CASENT0637017 (1 worker) [JTLC]; same data, 9.65727 -83.02598 ± 25m, 530m, #Wm-E-02-1-03, CASENT0632087 (1 queen) [DZUP]. Río Pacuare, 10°01’N 83°31’W, 200m, 20.ii.1994, J. Longino col., #3576, INBIOCRI001282736 (1 worker, 1 male) [JTLC]. Puntarenas: 13km SSW Pto. Jimenez, 8.40667 -83.32833 ± 200m, 200m, 10.iii.2008, J. Longino col., #6209-38, ex. sifted leaf litter, tropical rainforest, CASENT0636083 (1 worker) [JTLC]; CASENT0636084 (1 worker) [DZUP]. Península de Osa, Corcovado, Rio Pavo, 16.vii.1982, J. Longino col., #1200, LACM ENT 142624 (1 queen) [JTLC]. ECUADOR: Cuyabeno: 12.x- 05.xi.1994, J.P. Caldwell col., #10750 (1 worker) [CEPEC]. Morona: Santiago, Los Tayos, 3.viii.1976, Tjite de Vries col. (1 queen) [MZSP]; (1 queen) [DZUP]. Napo: Limoncocha, 00°24’S 76°36’W, 20.vii.1973, C.W. Rettenmeyer col., #5300 (1 worker) [MZSP]; same data, 280m, 13.viii.1973, Marian Rettenmeyer, #68 (1 worker) [MZSP]; (1 worker) [DZUP]. FRENCH GUIANA: Kaw mountains, 04°38’N 52°18’W, ix.2008, S. Groc & A. Dejean cols., #5628, Winkler, VK3-Sous-le-vent, VK3 Tr 1 W47, (1 worker, 1 queen) [DZUP]. Nouragues Natural Reserve, 4.08085 -52.68255, 200m, 28.viii.2018, C.R. Cardenas col., CRCI80828-02, Winkler (7 workers) [DZUP]; same data, 04°08’N 52°64’W, ix.2009, S. Groc & al cols., #5636, Winkler, FL 2- Liana for., FL2 Tr 2 W28 (1 worker) [CEPEC]. Petit-Saut: 02-28.xi.2001, S. Lacau & G. Fleck cols. (3 workers) [DZUP]; same data, xii.1997, S. Lacau col. (3 workers, 1 queen) [CEPEC]. Saint-Laurent do Maroni: Itoupé, 3.022305 -53.08321, 800m, 09.xi.2014, Orivel J. & Fichaux M. cols., IT14-0149, pitfall, Plateau, 72h, leaf litter, ECOFOG-IT14-0149-09 (1 worker) [ECOFOG]; same data, Mitaraka, 2.227554 -54.45371, 335m, 01.iii.2015, Orivel J. & Peticlerc F. cols., MI15-0244, Winkler,pente, 48h, leaf litter,ECOFOG-MI15-0244-52(1 queen)[ECOFOG]. Saül: Belvédère de Saül, 03°37’22’’N 53°12’57’’W, 326m, 14.iii.2011, SEAG team leg., V05 (3 queens) [DZUP]. Limonade, 3.573583 -53.19847, 192m, 15.x.2013, Orivel J. & Donald J. cols., SL13-1022, pitfall, Bas fond, 72h, leaf litter, ECOFOG-SL13-1022-11 (1 worker) [ECOFOG]. Mont Chauve, 17.iv.1997, R. Garrouste col. (1 queen) [CEPEC]. GUATEMALA: Zacapa: 2km SE La Unión, 14.95384 -89.27631 ± 50m, 1430m, 12.v.2009, LLAMA cols., #Wa-B-03-2-27, ex. sifted leaf litter, treefall gap in cloud forest, CASENT0612530 (1 queen) [JTLC]; same data, 3.5km SE La Unión, 14.95000 -89.26667, 1500m, 04.vi.1991, R.S. Anderson col., #91-050, CASENT0603554 (1 worker) [JTLC]. HONDURAS: Comayagua: PN Cerro Azul Meambar, 14.86613 -87.89735, 940m, 21.v.2010, LLAMA cols., Wm-C-04-1-03, MaxiWinkler, ex. sifted leaf litter, montane rainforest, CASENT0617263 (1 worker) [JTLC]. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13.7km NW Metzabok, 17.190517 -91.73748, 540m, 14.vii.2007, J. Longino col., JTL6046-s, Winkler, wet forest, JTLC000010047 (1 worker) [JTLC]. 12mi NW Ocozocoautla, 1200ft, 04-05.ix.1973, A. Newton col., CASENT0810416 (1 queen) [MIZA]. Playón de la Gloria, 16.16014°N 90.90187°W, 160m, 25.vi.2008, B. Broyles col., #0014, mature wet forest, CASENT0610361 (1 queen) [JTLC]; CASENT0610360 (1 worker) [DZUP]. Oaxaca: Uluapan, 4km NE Ayautla 18.06188 -96.64635 ± 50m, 640m, 11.vi.2016, J. Longino col., #9624.1, mature wet forest, in dead wood, CASENT0631829 (1 worker) [JTLC]. Veracruz: Est. Biol. Los Tuxtlas, vii.2001, A. Pezon col. (1 worker) [DZUP]; same data, 18.58038 -95.08110 ± 20m, 420m, 30.v.2016, ADMAC, #Wm-F-01-1-05, ex. sifted leaf litter, tropical rainforest, CASENT0640286 (1 worker) [JTLC]; CASENT0640281 (1 queen) [DZUP]; same data, 18.58461 -95.07375 ± 20m, 150m, 31.v.2016, J. Longino col., #9558.2, mature wet forest, in dead wood, CASENT0631748 (1 worker) [JTLC]; CASENT0631749 (1 male) [DZUP]; same data, 10km Sontecomapan, 18.58333 -95.08333, 200m, 20.iii.1985, P.S. Ward col., PSW07333 -12, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), CASENT0260460 (3 workers) [PSWC]. NICARAGUA: Chontales: 2.5km NE Santo Domingo, 12.27678 -85.06368 ± 50m, 730m, 21.iv.2011, J. Longino col., #JTL7381, wet forest, under large stone, CASENT0619329 (1 worker) [JTLC]; CASENT0619921 (1 queen) [JTLC]; same data, 12.27641 -85.06350 ± 100m, JTL7365-s, Winkler, wet forest, CASENT0619986 (1 worker) [JTLC]. Jinotega: Cerro Saslaya, 13.77199 -84.99771 ± 20m, 710m, 08.v.2011, LLAMA cols., #Wm-D-02-1-09, ex. sifted leaf litter, montane wet forest, CASENT0628800 (1 queen) [JTLC]; CASENT0628797 (1 worker) [JTLC]. PANAMA: Darién: Reserva Chucantí, 8.78803 -78.45035 ± 50m 720m, 20.i.2015, J. Longino col., #9071, ex. sifted leaf litter, moist forest, CASENT0633570 (1 worker) [JTLC]. PERU: Cusco: Est. Biol. Villa Carmen, -12.894740° -71.403850, 520m, 5-15.viii.2013, Ant Course 2013, successional vegetation, crops and pasture (2 workers) [DZUP]; (1 worker) [NHMB]; same data, 29.vii.2013, B.L. Fisher & F.A. Esteves cols., BLF31444, successional vegetation, crops and pasture, ex. soil 10cm below ground, CASENT0370886 (1 worker) [CASC]; same data, -12.90244 -71.40767, 590m, 06-08.viii.2013, B.L. Fisher & F.A. Esteves cols., BLF31553, bamboo forest, secondary vegetation, sifted litter, miscellaneous collection, not a nest series, CASENT0374727 (1 worker) [CASC]; CASENT0375939 (1 worker) [CASC]. Quincemil, km 8, 13°13’03”S 70°43’40”W, 633m, 20.viii-1.ix.2012, Cavichioli R., Santos & Takiya cols., Malaise (2 males) [DZUP]. Divisoria: 02.iv.1988, SJS16 (3 workers) [CEPEC]. Madre de Dios: Puerto Maldonado, Sachavacayoc Centre, 12°51’15.4”S 69°22’15.9”W, 209m, 19-31.vii.2012, Ant Course (2 workers) [DZUP]; same data, R. Feitosa col. (5 workers) [DZUP]. Reserva Nacional Tambopata, Sachavacayoc, 12°51’21’’S 69°21’43’’W, 210m, 19-31.vii.2012, J. Chaúl col., manual, Neotropical Ant Course, UFV LABECOL n° 000041 (1 worker) [UFV]; same data, UFV LABECOL n°000045 (1 worker) [UFV]. San Martín: Davidcillo, 20km NNE Tarapoto, 6°15’S 76°15’W, 220m 21.viii.1986, P.S.Ward col., #8684-1, sifted litter (leaf mold, rotten wood), rainforest, PSW10127 -2, CASENT0863188 (2 workers) [PSWC]. SURINAME: La Poulle: viii.1959, I.v.d. Drift col., 18.xivcd.13, (3 workers) [DZUP]; (3 workers) [MZSP]. VENEZUELA: Aragua: Est. Biol. Rancho Grande, 10.34756°N 67.68787°W, 1140m, 11.x.2008, J. Longino col., #6439-s, ex. sifted leaf litter, montane wet forest, JTLC000015024 (1 worker) [JTLC]. PN Henri Pittier, Paso Portachuelo, 10.34761°N 67.68780°W, 1100m, 11.viii.2008, C. Rabeling col., 080811-02 (1 queen) [ASU]. Henri Pittier National Park, Valle Santa Maria, 4.8km SW Cumboto, 10.36667 -67.82667, 860m, 03.ix.2003, E. Rodríguez, A. Grotto & J. Lattke cols., JEL2832, La Esperanza, Bosque Semi decíduo, ex. hojarasca, CASENT0178695 (1 worker) [MIZA]. Paso Portachuelo, PN Henri Pittier, 10.34761°N 67.68780°W, 1100m, 9- 19.viii.2008, Ant Course, #1211, cloud forest (2 queens) [MZSP]. Bolívar: 10km Icabarú, 700m, 05.vii.1987, corteza árbol y musgo, CASENT0810411 (1 queen) [MIZA]. Rio Cuyuni, 66 km, 6°09’N 61°30’W, 250m, 11.viii.1986, P.S. Ward col., 8537.1, sifted litter, leaf mold, rotten wood, rainforest, CASENT0810417 (2 workers) [MIZA]. Miranda: 220m, P.N. Guatopo, Qda. La Culebra, Via Sta. Teresa, Agua Blanca, 18.viii.1984 J. Lattke col., #560, CASENT0810415 (2 workers) [MIZA]; same data, 35km N Altagracia, Guatopo NP Agua Blanca, 400m, 31.v.1988, S.J. Peck col., hojarasca quebrada, CASENT0810420 (1 worker) [MIZA]. Portuguesa: Qda. La Guata, 12km de Biscucuy, 600m, 21.v.1983, J. Lattke col., CASENT0810419 (1 worker, 1 male) [MIZA]; #462, CASENT0810421 (1 worker, 1 queen) [MIZA]; #466, CASENT0810422 (2 workers, 1 male) [DZUP]. Táchira: S. Cristóbal, La Florida, Rd. Caño Seco, La Blanca, 1125m, 09.xii.1985, J. Lattke & W.L. Brown cols., CASENT0810409 (3 workers) [DZUP]; CASENT0810410 (1 worker) [MIZA]; CASENT0810410 (1 queen) [MIZA].Published as part of Ladino, Natalia & Feitosa, Rodrigo M., 2020, Taxonomic revision of the genus Prionopelta Mayr, 1866 (Formicidae: Amblyoponinae) for the Neotropical region, pp. 201-249 in Zootaxa 4821 (2) on pages 226-230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4821.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/439838
Beyond Lesson Studies and Design Experiments: Using theoretical tools in practice and finding out how they work
No full textThis paper aims to illustrate how fruitful insights into the link between school teaching practice and student learning outcomes can be theoretically grounded by the variation theory from the field of phenomenography; and from this framework demonstrate how a 'pedagogy of awareness' can be implemented in the classroom. In this study, five teachers and 162 students at Primary Four level of school education in Hong Kong participated and the practice of the 'learning study' was adopted. By comparing the results of pre- and posttests, a significant gain was observed in the students learning outcomes.
Measuring industry-science links through inventor-author relations: A profiling method
No full textIn this pilot study we examine the performance of text-based profiling in recovering a set of validated inventor-author links. In a first step we match patents and publications solely based on their similarity in content. Next, we compare inventor and author names on the highest ranked matches for the occurrence of name matches. Finally, we compare these candidate matches with the names listed in a validated set of inventor-author names. Our text-based profile methodology performs significantly better than a random matching of patents and publications, suggesting that text-based profiling is a valuable complementary tool to the name searches used in previous studies.innovation; industry-science links; text-based profiling;
Helical mode interactions and spectral energy transfer in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
No full textSpectral transfer processes in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence are investigated by decomposition of the velocity and magnetic fields in Fourier space into helical modes. In 1992, Waleffe (Phys. Fluids A, 4:350 (1992)) used this decomposition to calculate triad interactions for isotropic hydrodynamic turbulence and determined whether a given triad contributed to forward or reverse energy transfer depending on the helicities of the interacting modes. The problem becomes more difficult in MHD due to the need to treat a coupled system of partial differential equations and the energy transfers between the magnetic and velocity fields. This requires the development of techniques that extend Waleffe's work, which are subsequently used to calculate the direction of energy transfer processes originating from triad interactions derived from the MHD equations. In order to illustrate the possible transfer processes that arise from helical mode interactions, we focus on simplified cases and putting special emphasis on interactions resulting in reverse spectral energy transfer. This approach also proves to be helpful in determining the nature of certain energy transfer processes, where transfer of energy between different fields and between the same field can be distinguished. Reverse transfer of magnetic energy was found if the helicities of two modes corresponding to the smaller wavenumbers are the same, while for reverse transfer of kinetic energy Waleffe's result is recovered. Reverse transfer of kinetic to magnetic energy is facilitated if the interacting magnetic field modes are of opposite helicity, and no reverse transfer of magnetic to kinetic energy was found. More generally, the direction of energy transfer not only depends on helicity but also on the ratio of magnetic to kinetic energy. For the magnetically dominated case reverse transfer occurs of all helicities are the same, the kinetically dominated case two modes need to have the same helicity while the third mode is of opposite helicity to allow reverse transfer
Reynolds number dependence of the dimensionless dissipation rate in stationary magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
No full textResults on the Reynolds number dependence of the dimensionless total dissipation rate C_ε are presented, obtained from medium to high resolution direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of mechanically forced stationary homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the absence of a mean magnetic field, showing that C_ε -> const with increasing Reynolds number. Furthermore, a model equation for the Reynolds number dependence of the dimensionless dissipation rate is derived from the real-space energy balance equation by asymptotic expansion in terms of Reynolds number of the second- and third-order correlation functions of the Elsässer fields z± = u ± b. At large Reynolds numbers we find that a model of the form C_ε = C_ε,∞ + C/R describes the data well, while at lower Reynolds numbers the model needs to be extended to second order in 1/R in order to obtain a good fit to the data, where R is a generalised Reynolds number with respect to the Elsässer field z-
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