1,720,966 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Optimierung von Nano-Antennen zur Fokussierung von Licht: Neue Ansätze: Von Evolution zu Moden-Anpassung
No full textOptische Antennen arbeiten ähnlich wie Antennen für Radiowellen und wandeln elektromagnetische Strahlung in elektrische Wechselströme um. Ladungsdichteansammlungen an der Antennen-Oberfläche führen zu starken und lokalisierten Nahfeldern. Da die meisten optischen Antennen eine Ausdehnung von wenigen hundert Nanometern besitzen, ermöglichen es ihre Nahfelder, Licht auf ein Volumen weit unterhalb des Beugungslimits zu fokussieren, mit Intensitäten, die mehrere Größenordnungen über dem liegen, was man mit klassischer beugender und reflektierender Optik erreichen kann. Die Aufgabe, die Abstrahlung eines Quantenemitters zu maximieren, eines punktförmigen Objektes, welches einzelne Photonen absorbieren und emittieren kann, ist identisch mit der Aufgabe, die Feldintensität am Ort des Quantenemitters zu maximieren. Darum ist es erstrebenswert, den Fokus optischer Antennen zu optimieren
Optimierte Radiofrequenz-Antennen, welche auf Größenordnungen von wenigen 100 Nanometern herunterskaliert werden, zeigen bereits eine gute Funktionalität. Jedoch liegen optische Frequenzen in der Nähe der Plasmafrequenz von den Metallen, die für optische Antennen genutzt werden und die Masse der Elektronen kann nicht mehr vernachlässigt werden. Dadurch treten neue physikalische Phänomene auf. Es entstehen gekoppelte Zustände aus Licht und Ladungsdichte-Schwingungen, die sogenannten Plasmonen. Daraus folgen Effekte wie Volumenströme und kürzere effektive Wellenlängen. Zusätzlich führt die endliche Leitfähigkeit zu thermischen Verluste. Das macht eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der optimalen Geometrie für fokussierende optische Antennen schwer. Jedoch stand vor dieser Arbeit der Beweis noch aus, dass es für optische Antennen bessere Alternativen gibt als herunterskalierte Radiofrequenz-Konzepte.
In dieser Arbeit werden optische Antennen auf eine bestmögliche Fokussierung optimiert. Dafür wird ein Ansatz gewählt, welcher bei Radiofrequenz-Antennen für komplexe Anwendungsfelder (z.B. isotroper Breitbandempfang) schon oft Erfolg hatte: evolutionäre Algorithmen. Die hier eingeführte erste Implementierung erlaubt eine große Freiheit in Bezug auf Partikelform und Anzahl, da sie quadratische Voxel auf einem planaren, quadratischen Gitter beliebig anordnet. Die Geometrien werden in einer binären Matrix codiert, welche als Genom dient und somit Methoden wie Mutation und Paarung als Verbesserungsmechanismus erlaubt. So optimierte Antennen-Geometrien übertreffen vergleichbare klassische Dipol-Geometrien um einen Faktor von Zwei. Darüber hinaus lässt sich aus den optimierten Antennen ein neues Funktionsprinzip ableiten: ein magnetische Split-Ring-Resonanz kann mit Dipol-Antennen leitend zu neuartigen und effektiveren Split-Ring-Antennen verbunden werden, da sich ihre Ströme nahe des Fokus konstruktiv überlagern.
Im nächsten Schritt wird der evolutionäre Algorithmus so angepasst, so die Genome real herstellbare Geometrien beschreiben. Zusätzlich wird er um eine Art ''Druckertreiber'' erweitert, welcher aus den Genomen direkt Anweisungen zur fokussierten Ionenstrahl-Bearbeitung von einkristallinen Goldflocken erstellt. Mit Hilfe von konfokaler Mikroskopie der Zwei-Photonen-Photolumineszenz wird gezeigt, dass Antennen unterschiedlicher Effizienz reproduzierbar aus dem evolutionären Algorithmus heraus hergestellt werden können. Außerdem wird das Prinzip der Split-Ring-Antenne verbessert, indem zwei Ring-Resonanzen zu einer Dipol-Resonanz hinzugefügt werden.
Zu guter Letzt dient die beste Antenne des zweiten evolutionäre Algorithmus als Inspiration für einen neuen Formalismus zur Beschreibung des Leistungsübertrages zwischen einer optischen Antenne und einem Punkt-Dipol, welcher sich als "dreidimensionaler Modenüberlapp" beschreiben lässt. Damit können erstmals intuitive Regeln für die Form einer optischen Antenne aufgestellt werden. Die Gültigkeit der Theorie wird analytisch für den Fall eines Dipols nahe einer metallischen Nano-Kugel gezeigt.
Das vollständige Problem, Licht mittels einer optischen Antenne zu fokussieren, lässt sich so auf die Erfüllung zweier Modenüberlapp-Bedingungen reduzieren -- mit dem Feld eines Punktdipols, sowie mit einer ebenen Welle. Damit lassen sich zwei Arten idealer Antennenmoden identifizieren, welche sich von der bekannten Dipol-Antennen-Mode grundlegend unterscheiden. Zum einen lässt sich dadurch die Funktionalität der evolutionären und Split-Ring-Antennen erklären, zum lassen sich neuartige plasmonische Hohlraum-Antennen entwerfen, welche zu besserer Fokussierung von Licht führen. Dies wird numerisch im direkten Vergleich mit einer klassischen Dipolantennen-Geometrie gezeigt.Optical antennas work similar to antennas for the radio-frequency regime and convert electromagnetic radiation into oscillating electrical currents. Charge density accumulations form at the antenna surface leading to strong and localized near-fields. Since most optical antennas have dimensions of a few hundred nanometers, their near-fields allow the focusing of electromagnetic fields to volumes much smaller than the diffraction limit, with intensities several orders of magnitude larger than achievable with classical diffractive and refractive optical elements. The task to maximize the emission of a quantum emitter, a point-like entity capable of reception and emission of single photons, is identical to the task to maximize the field intensity at the position of the quantum emitter. Therefore it is desirable to optimize the capabilities of focusing optical antennas.
Radio-frequency-antenna designs scaled to optical dimensions of several hundred nanometers show already a decent performance. However, optical frequencies lie near the plasma frequency of the metals used for optical antennas and the mass of electrons cannot be neglected anymore. This leads to new physical phenomena. Light can couple to charge density oscillations, yielding a so-called Plasmon. Effects emerge which have no equivalent in the very advanced field of radio-frequency-technology, e.g.~volume currents and shortened effective wavelengths. Additionally the conductivity is not infinite anymore, leading to thermal losses. Therefore, the question for the optimal geometry of a focusing optical antenna is not easy to answer. However, up to now there was no evidence that there exist better alternatives for optical antennas than down-scaled radio-frequency designs.
In this work the optimization of focusing optical antennas is based on an approach, which often proved successful for radio-frequency-antennas in complex applications (e.g.~broadband and isotropic reception): evolutionary algorithms. The first implementation introduced here allows a large freedom regarding particle shape and count, as it arranges cubic voxels on a planar, square grid. The geometries are encoded in a binary matrix, which works as a genome and enables the methods of mutation and crossing as mechanism of improvement. Antenna geometries optimized in this way surpass a comparable dipolar geometry by a factor of 2. Moreover, a new working principle can be deduced from the optimized antennas: a magnetic split-ring resonance can be coupled conductively to dipolar antennas, to form novel and more effective split-ring-antennas, as their currents add up constructively near the focal point.
In a next step, the evolutionary algorithm is adapted so that the binary matrices describe geometries with realistic fabrication constraints. In addition a 'printer driver' is developed which converts the binary matrices into commands for focused ion-beam milling in mono-crystalline gold flakes. It is shown by means of confocal two-photon photo-luminescence microscopy that antennas with differing efficiency can be fabricated reliably directly from the evolutionary algorithm. Besides, the concept of the split-ring antenna is further improved by adding this time two split-rings to the dipole-like resonance.
The best geometry from the second evolutionary algorithm inspires a fundamentally new formalism to determine the power transfer between an antenna and a point dipole, best termed 'three-dimensional mode-matching'. Therewith, for the first time intuitive design rules for the geometry of an focusing optical antenna can be deduced. The validity of the theory is proven analytically at the case of a point dipole in from of a metallic nano sphere.
The full problem of focusing light by means of an optical antenna can, thus, be reduced to two simultaneous mode-matching conditions -- on the one hand with the fields of a point dipole, on the other hand with a plane wave. Therefore, two types of ideal focusing optical antenna mode patterns are identified, being fundamentally different from the established dipolar antenna mode. This allows not only to explain the functionality of the evolutionary antennas and the split-ring antenna, but also helps to design novel plamonic cavity antennas, which lead to an enhanced focusing of light. This is proven numerically in direct comparison to a classical dipole antenna design
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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