1,720,965 research outputs found
Techniques for Host Plant Inoculation with Truffles and Other Edible Ectomycorrhizal MushroomsEdible Ectomycorrhizal Mushrooms
No full textLarge-scale production of high-quality mycorrhizal plants in the greenhouse is mainstay for the modern cultivation of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (EEMMs). Success at this step not only depends on the reliability of the fungal inoculum used for plantlet mycorrhization but also on the environmental conditions attending symbiosis establishment. Methods developed 40-50 years ago for inoculating host plants with EEMMs are still largely used today, with slight modifications. Mycelial inoculations are used commercially only for some edible ectomycorrhizal (EEM) basidiomycetes, while inoculation with spores is the most common method for producing seedlings colonized with truffle mycorrhizas. However pure cultures and ectomycorrhizas of Tuber have also been used to obtain mycorrhizal plants mainly for scientific purposes. Mycelium-based inoculum offers many advantages, such as lower contamination risks, more reliable root colonization, and provides opportunities for genetic selection of EEMM strains. Long time preservation of EEM cultures and the creation of germplasm banks would be an important step to support mycelium-based technologies. To this aim, we demonstrate successful crypreservation of strains of Tuber borchii and Tuber aestivum. Recent advances in genetic and biotechnology of EEMs and their hosts has the potential to transform the current EEMM nursery trade
Viability and morphology of Tuber aestivum spores after passage through the gut of Sus scrofa
No full textTruffles have hypogeous fruit bodies that are dependent on mycophagous animals for spore dispersal. In our study we assessed the effect of passage through the gut of Sus scrofa on the morphology and viability of Tuber aestivum asci and ascospores. Light and Atomic Force Microscopy showed that passage through the gut freed spores from the asci, eroded the walls of free spores and modified their structure but spores were still viable. We believe this was the reason for the observed improvement in forming mycorrhizas with oak. These results confirm the role of wild boars in long distance dispersal of Tuber and support the theory that pigs play a significant role in truffle survival and territorial expansion during climatic changes
Population genetics of the critically endangered Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) across the Gibraltar Strait
No full textThe common eagle ray, Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758), is a demersal and semi-pelagic ray with a wide distribution including the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, and the western Indian Ocean. During the last 40 years the populations of this species have declined due to overfishing and habitat loss to the point that it is considered Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In this context, it is urgent to increase the biological and ecological knowledge of this species in order to improve its current management and conservation measures. A key trait for management plans is the connectivity among populations. The present study aimed at evaluating the population genetic structure of the eagle ray from six locations across the
Mediterranean and the East Atlantic using two mitochondrial markers (COI and ND2). Analyses of molecular variance, based on the concatenated sequences of both markers, showed no significant genetic differentiation among all sampling locations. On the contrary, when measuring pairwise fixation indices, a slight differentiation in individuals from South Africa, Adriatic Sea and Balearic Islands was observed. However, the haplotype network and the Bayesian clustering analyses both indicated the existence of a single population. Future studies, employing more informative markers and combining genetic studies with tagging methods will be needed to understand and further investigate migration dynamics of M. aquila. In this context, the findings of this work offer preliminary information about the high connectivity of this species, whose future conservation and management is strongly recommended
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
