1,720,953 research outputs found
Health literacy, cognitive ability and health
Full text linkPoorer health literacy—the ability to acquire, understand and use health information
to make better health decisions—has been associated with worse health outcomes.
Poorer cognitive ability has also been found to predict increased risk of morbidity
and mortality. Health literacy is often assessed using brief tests of health-related
reading comprehension and numeracy. Scores on tests of health literacy have
moderate-to-strong correlations with cognitive ability test scores. Despite this, few
studies have investigated the associations of both health literacy and cognitive
ability with respect to health outcomes. This thesis examined whether health literacy
and cognitive ability, when studied together, have unique associations with health.
The first study in this thesis investigated the unique contributions of health literacy
and cognitive ability to smoking status in a sample of 8,734 middle-aged and older
adults from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Limited health literacy
(OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.25) and poorer cognitive ability (OR per SD=0.94, 95% CI
0.89-0.99) were associated with increased odds of reporting ever smoking. These
associations were attenuated and non-significant after adjusting for education and
social class. In participants who reported ever smoking, limited health literacy
(OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.17-1.54) and poorer cognitive ability (OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.81-
0.95) were associated with being a current smoker, and this remained significant
even after adjusting for socioeconomic variables.
The second study investigated whether health literacy and cognitive ability were
independently associated with diabetes, using a sample of ELSA participants
(n=8,669). When examined concurrently, adequate health literacy (OR=0.82, 95%
CI 0.69-0.98) and higher cognitive ability (OR per SD=0.78, 95% CI 0.70-0.86) were
independently associated with lower odds of self-reported diabetes. Adjusting for
health behaviours attenuated these associations and they were no longer
significant. Individuals who did not have diabetes were then followed up for up to 10
years. Adequate health literacy (HR=0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.87) and higher cognitive
ability (HR=0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.88) were associated with a lower risk of developing
diabetes. These associations were attenuated by health behaviours and education.
The third study sought to determine the role of cognitive ability, measured in
childhood and in older age, in the association between health literacy and mortality.
Using data from 795 elderly participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, this
study found that lower scores on two tests of health literacy—the Newest Vital Sign
(OR per 1 point increase=0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.99) and the shortened Test of
Functional Health Literacy in Adults (OR per 1 point increase=0.95, 95% CI 0.91-
0.98)—were significantly associated with increased risk of mortality. These
associations were almost unchanged when childhood cognitive ability was added to
the model. When additionally adjusting for cognitive ability in older age, the health
literacy-mortality associations were attenuated and no longer significant. Cognitive
ability in older adulthood, but not childhood cognitive ability, accounted for most of
the association between health literacy and mortality.
The genetic architecture of health literacy, cognitive ability, and health was
examined in the fourth study. This study investigated whether polygenic profile
scores for cognitive, education, and health-related traits were associated with
performance on a test of health literacy using 5,783 ELSA participants. Greater odds
of having adequate health literacy were associated with higher polygenic scores for
better cognitive ability (OR per SD increase=1.34, 95% CI 1.26-1.42) and more
years of schooling (OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.21-1.36). Reduced odds of having adequate
health literacy were associated with higher polygenic scores for poorer self-rated
health (OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.99) and schizophrenia (OR=0.91, 95% CI 0.85-
0.96). The association between health literacy, cognitive ability and health may, in
part, be due to shared genetic influences.
This thesis provided an examination of the role of health literacy and cognitive ability
in various aspects of health, including health behaviours, morbidity, and mortality.
The findings suggest that that at least some of the associations between health
literacy and health may be accounted for by cognitive ability, and that the
association between health literacy and cognitive ability may be partly due to shared
genetic aetiology. The degree of attenuation may depend on the health outcome
used and the health literacy and cognitive ability measures used
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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