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Extension of objectification theory into the realm of body dysmorphic disorder
No full textBackground: According to objectification theory, repeated experiences of sexual objectification, illustrated by the portrayal of body in the visual media lead viewers to self–objectify or to adopt a view of themselves as objects whose value is based on physical appearance. Self-objectification is manifested as habitual body surveillance and leads to body shame, which is related to the etiology of eating disorders (ED). Although dysmorphic appearance concern (DAC) is the hallmark of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), several studies found that individuals with ED and BDD exhibit comparable DAC and highlighted how both disorders are variants of a body image disorder. If this is the case, factors that influence the development of ED should also influence the development of BDD. This study investigated whether objectification theory could be used to explain the etiology of BDD in both genders. Methods: A sample of 113 men and 119 women (Mage = 20.60) completed self-report questionnaires.
Findings: Women obtained medium scores significantly higher in every variable, with the exception of DAC (both genders were similar). Exposure to objectifying media leads to body surveillance which in turn leads to body shame, that is related to the etiology of BDD in women. Path analyses indicated similar results for men and gender issues were found only in body surveillance if considered as mediator variables.
Discussion: The similar levels of DAC may reflect the relatively equal rates of BDD among the genders. In conclusion, it is possible to admit that the objectification theory provides a useful framework for examining BD
Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptomatology: A Latent Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Moderating Variables in 18-to-28-Year-Old Males
Get PDFAlthough body dissatisfaction is recognized as the strongest risk factor for eating disturbances, a majority of young males are body dissatisfied, but do not concomitantly report severe levels of eating disorder symptomatology. The present investigation was designed to examine five theoretically relevant variables (i.e., body checking, emotional dysregulation, perfectionism, insecure-anxious attachment, and self-esteem) as potential moderators of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and two critical components of male eating disorder symptomatology: drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Data collected from 551 Italian males between 18 and 28 years old were analyzed using latent structural equation modeling. The authors found that emotional dysregulation, body checking, insecure-anxious attachment and perfectionism intensified the relationship between body dissatisfaction and each criterion variable representing male eating disorder symptomatology; the interactions accounted respectively for an additional 2%, 7%, 4% and 5% of variance in drive for muscularity and for an additional 6%, 4%, 5%, and 2% of the variance in bulimic behaviors. By contrast self-esteem weakened this relationship and the interactions accounted for an additional 3% of the variance in both drive for muscularity and bulimic behaviors. Implications of these findings for prevention and treatment of male eating disturbances are discuss
Disordini alimentari maschili e orientamento sessuale: disamina della teoria dell’oggettivazione sessuale
No full textIntroduzione: La letteratura segnala che gli uomini omosessuali
riportano livelli maggiori d’insoddisfazione corporea e disordini
alimentari (DA) rispetto alla controparte eterosessuale, e
comparabili con quelli riportati dalle donne. Secondo gli studiosi
questo è probabilmente dovuto al fatto che i gay e le donne
sono maggiormente predisposti ad auto-oggettivarsi, ovvero
a vedere i loro copri come oggetti sessuali al fine di attirare
l’attenzione di altri maschi e attrarli come potenziali partner.
Lo studio esamina la teoria dell’oggettivazione (TO) come un
framework idoneo per esplorare i potenziali meccanismi sottostanti
che portano i gay a riportare elevati livelli di DA.
Metodi: 313 maschi (51% eterosessuali; 49% gay; Metà=21.2)
hanno compilato una batteria di questionari finalizzata alla rilevazione
delle variabili di interesse.
Risultati: Per i gay l’interiorizzazione degli standard socioculturali
di bellezza conduce all’auto-oggettivazione, aumentando
così l’ansia sociale e la vergogna per l’aspetto, che a loro volta
sono collegate all’insorgenza di DA. Gli stessi risultati (seppur
più deboli) sono emersi tra gli eterosessuali. I gay hanno ottenuto
punteggi medi significativamente superiori in tutte le variabili
esaminate e comparabili con quelli ottenuti in un campione
italiano di donne. Differenze di orientamento sessuale sono
emerse anche nel ruolo di vergogna e ansia sociale come variabili
mediatrici.
Conclusioni: La TO rappresenta un framework teorico utile per
esaminare e comprendere le differenze di orientamento sessuale
rispetto ai DA maschili
Why Do Only a Minority of Men Report Severe Levels of Eating Disorder Symptomatology, When so Many Report Substantial Body Dissatisfaction? Examination of Exacerbating Factors
No full textIn recent years research employing female samples has indicated that although body dissatisfaction may be necessary for the onset of an eating disorder, it is not sufficient. This study examined body surveillance and difficulties in interpersonal domains (attachment anxiety and social anxiety) as potential moderators of the body dissatisfaction-eating disorder symptomatology relationship amongst Italian college men (N = 359). As expected, all examined variables were found to intensify this relationship such that body dissatisfaction was strongly related to men's eating disorder symptomatology when each moderator was at its highest level (i.e., 1 SD above the mean). Practical implications are discusse
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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