1,720,982 research outputs found
Norms-Based Intellectual Property Systems: The Case of French Chefs
No full textA version of this paper with an updated license is available in the MIT Open Access Articles collection at https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/127244.In this paper we propose that norms-based intellectual property (IP) systems exist today and are an important complement to or substitute for law-based IP systems. Norms-based IP systems, as we define them, operate entirely on the basis of implicit social norms that are held in common by members of a given community. Within that community, they offer functionality similar to contemporary law-based IP systems with respect to both the nature of rights protected and the effectiveness of the protection provided.
We document the existence of a norms-based IP system among a sample of accomplished French chefs. These chefs consider recipes they develop to be a very valuable form of IP. At the same time, recipes are not a form of innovation that is effectively covered by law-based IP systems. Via grounded research, we identify three strong implicit social norms related to the protection of recipe IP. Via quantitative research, we find that accomplished chefs enforce these norms and apply them in ways that enhance their private economic returns from their recipe-related IP.
In our discussion, we compare the attributes of norms-based and law-based IP systems, arguing that each has different advantages and drawbacks. We also point out that the existence of norms-based IP systems means that many information commons may prove to be criss-crossed by norms-based fences, with community access controlled by community IP owners
Forums de consommation sur Internet. Un modèle évolutionniste
No full textCurien Nicolas, Fauchart Emmanuelle, Laffond Gilbert, Lainé Jean, Lesourne Jacques, Moreau François. Forums de consommation sur Internet. Un modèle évolutionniste. In: Revue économique. Numéro Hors Série, 2001. Economie de l'Internet. pp. 119-135
Measuring the Social Identity of Entrepreneurs: Scale Development and International Validation
Full text linkSocial identity theory offers an important lens to improve understanding of founders as enterprising individuals, the venture creation process, and its outcomes. Yet, further advances are hindered by the lack of valid scales to measure founders’ social identities. Drawing on social identity theory and a systematic classification of founders’ social identities (Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries), we develop and test a corresponding 15-item scale in the Alpine region and validate it in 13 additional countries and regions. The scale allows identifying founders’ social identities and relating them to processes and outcomes in entrepreneurship. The scale is available online in 15 languages
Incubators, start-ups and partnerships
No full textLa start-up, définie comme un état transitoire durant lequel un individu ou un groupe d’individus en manque de ressources et en condition de forte incertitude est à la recherche d’un business model scalable doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux. Les collaborations avec des entreprises matures apparaissent comme un catalyseur pour le développement de ces jeunes entreprises innovantes. Accompagnée pour la majorité d’entre elles par des incubateurs, cette thèse propose de plonger dans les pratiques de ces structures en termes d’accompagnement des entrepreneurs sur le sujet de la collaboration. Ainsi à travers une méthodologie empirique basée sur une étude de cas nous montrons que les collaborations impactent la start-up suscitant des changements de Business Model importants tout au long de son développement. Notre seconde étude empirique sur une population d’incubateurs en France montre qu’il ne se dégage aucune tendance générale dans les pratiques d’accompagnement sur le sujet de la collaboration. En parallèle, il se dessine qu’au sein d’une même structure chaque pratique est dépendante de l’accompagnant. Nos résultats permettent dans un premier temps de mettre en avant les impacts que peuvent avoir les collaborations sur le développement de la start-up à travers les changements de Business Model qu’elles engendrent. Notre étude permet également de mieux appréhender les différentes pratiques d’accompagnement mises en place par les incubateurs et de proposer des recommandations à l’attention des dirigeants de structures d’accompagnement.Start-up defined as a transitional state during which an individual or a group of individuals in need of resources and under conditions of high uncertainty are looking for a scalable business model and must face many challenges. Collaborations with mature companies appear to be a catalyst for the development of these young innovative companies. Supporting for the majority of them by incubators, this thesis proposes to dive into the practices of these structures with the entrepreneurs followed on the subject of collaboration. First, and through an empirical methodology based on a case study, we show that collaborations impact start-ups by driving significant business model changes throughout their development. Once this observation has been established, our second empirical study on a population of incubators in France shows that there is no general trend in support practices on the subject of collaboration. At the same time, it is clear that within the structures themselves, each practice is dependent on the support person. Thus, each of the structures is characterized by an absence of harmony between the different practices. Our results first highlight the impacts that collaborations can have on the development of the start-up through the changes in the Business Model they generate. In a second step, our study allows us to better understand the different support practices implemented by incubators and to propose recommendations for the managers of support structures
Eric A. von Hippel - L'innovation par les utilisateurs
No full textInternational audienceInnover ! Être créatif ! Voilà le leitmotiv aujourd'hui en management et en stratégie. Le management de l'innovation et de la créativité est à la fois un élément central de la théorie et de la pratique du management tout en étant à part. Parce que ce champ tire sa force d'autres disciplines académiques et des fonctions connexes de l'entreprise, ce volume des grands auteurs en innovation et créativité affiche une grande variété d'auteurs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
What drives market structure? On the relation between firm demographic processes, firms? innovative behaviour and market structure
Full text linkIn this paper we suggest an structural model that specifies firm growth as a function of firm specific parameters and of competition for purchase power with other firms on a given market. Moreover, we explicitely model firms? innovative behaviour and distinguish between dierent innovation regimes. On the basis of a set of simulations of this model we derive a number of empirically testable hypotheses. A subset of these have already found support in the empirical literature. We take these as evidence in favour of the explanatory power of the model. In addition, we are able to derive further testable propositions on the interaction of firm-demographic processes, in-novative behaviour and market structure that go beyond the existing literature and that we suggest for further research. We conclude that the approach chosen here provides a fruitful pathway for further research. --Firm size distribution,innovation regime,technological regime,industrial dynamics,firm demography,carrying capacity,market concentration
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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