134,263 research outputs found
The Gyula Farkas memorial competition in the context of the Hungarian scientific competitions
No full textGyula Farkas (1847-1931) became a well-known scientist in his age due to his thermodynamic achievements, but today - after rediscovering his articles in 1950 - he is also noted as one of the founders of operation research. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth, his name became known beyond scientific circles. In this article, brief introduction into his life is given. The emphasis is put onto his achievements which provides modern context for efficient introduction of younger generations into the scientific world, and especially scientific methodology and interdisciplinary approaches.Gyula Farkas, sciences, thermodynamics, scientific competitions
Fridericia seoraksani Christensen & Dozsa-Farkas 2012
No full textFridericia seoraksani Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 2012 (Figure 12, D,E) This species was published as new for the enchytraeid fauna of Korea by Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas (2012). We found specimens at sites 1, 8, 11 and 12, their morphology corresponded to the original description (Fig. 12 D–E). However, molecular results show that F. seoraksani is possibly a species complex (see below, discussion).Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Felföldi, Tamás & Hong, Yong, 2015, New enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Korea, pp. 171-197 in Zootaxa 4006 (1) on page 190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4006.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/23708
Cernosvitoviella crassoductus Dozsa-Farkas 1990
No full textCernosvitoviella crassoductus Dózsa-Farkas, 1990 (Figures 1 D, 9) Cernosvitoviella crassoductus Dózsa-Farkas, 1990: 269 –271, figs. 7–10. Timm 1999: 134 –135, 2 textfigs Material investigated: 3 specimens from site 10 (13.05.2011). Body 3–4 mm long, 160 µm wide at VIII and 320 µm at XII, segments 19–23. Chaetae sigmoid with nodulus, up to 6–8 per bundle, 44–49 µm long. Brain deeply incised posteriorly, about 120 µm long and 100 µm wide in vivo (Fig. 9 A). Two pairs primary and two pairs secondary pharyngeal glands. Secondary glands without lobes and larger than the primary glands (Fig. 9 D). Coelomocytes plum-stone-shaped, 20–26 µm long, transparent, with some refractile granula, but not dark in transmittent light (Fig. 9 C). Blood light-pink, dorsal vessel origin in XII. The anterior bifurcation in peristomium (Fig. 9 B). Seminal vesicle absent. Sperm funnels (Fig. 9 E) small, pearshaped 40–48 µm long and 23–30 µm wide, collars as wide as the diameter of funnel bodies, about 8 µm high. Dilatation of vas deferens proximally just after the funnel, 90–120 µm long and 20–23 µm wide (the diameter of canal 10–13 µm). After the dilatation (i.e. towards male pore) duct about 85–90 µm long and 9 µm wide. Male pore surrounded by a mass of glands about 50–55 µm wide. Spermatozoa 20–23 µm long, heads 10 µm. Spermathecae (Figs. 1 D, 9F) short, confined to V. Ampullae elongate-oval, 45–55 µm long and 20–22 µm wide, with distinct sperm-containing lumen. Ectal duct 45–80 µm long and 10–14 µm wide, not widened at the orifice.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Csitári, Bianka & Felföldi, Tamás, 2017, A new Cernosvitoviella species (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) and its comparison with other Cernosvitoviella species from Sphagnum mires in Hungary, pp. 322-338 in Zootaxa 4254 (3) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/54681
Cernosvitoviella aggtelekiensis Dozsa-Farkas 1970
No full textCernosvitoviella aggtelekiensis Dózsa-Farkas, 1970 (Figures 1 B, 5–6) Cernosvitoviella aggtelekiensis Dózsa-Farkas, 1970: 247 –250, fig. 3, +5 photos. Cernosvitoviella goodhui Healy, 1975. Syn: Schmelz & Collado 2010: 61. nec: Cernosvitoviella goodhui Healy, 1975. Chalupský, 1992: 141. fig. 8. nec: Cernosvitoviella cf. goodhui Healy, 1975. Rota 1995: 193 –194. Material investigated: (in total 11 specimens), 8 specimens from site 7 (31.03.2014 and 16.05.2015), 1 specimen from site 8 (31.03.2014), 2 specimens from site 5 (27.03.2016). Body 1.7–3 mm long, 180–240 µm wide at the clitellum, segments 21–23. Chaetae sigmoid with nodulus, up to 7–9 per bundle, 29–32 µm long (Figs. 5 C,D). Clitellum absent dorsally and ventrally. Only dark spindleshaped coelomocytes, slightly wider than in C. farkasi sp. n., 35–57 µm long and 9–10 µm wide in the middle (Figs. 5 E,F). In the prostomium, about 8 large rounded papillae are observable (Figs. 5 A,B). Two or three paired or unpaired nephridia preclitellarly, from 6/7 (Fig. 5 H). Seminal vesicle absent. Chloragogen cells 20–30 µm long (Fig. 5 G). Sperm funnel cylindrical, 45–70 µm long and about 2–3 times longer than wide. The collar tall, as wide as the body of funnel (Figs. 5 I,J, 6B). Sperm duct similar to C. farkasi sp. n. with a large dilatation (Figs. 5 I,J), but not as conspicuous and somewhat narrower (20–30 µm and 8–15 µm wide, vs. 30–50 µm and 17–26 µm in vivo in C. farkasi sp. n., respectively), moreover slightly closer to the male opening than in the new species. Male opening surrounded by glands, diameter about 20–30 µm (Figs. 6 A,C). Length of spermatozoa 35–40 µm, heads 15–20 µm (Fig. 6 B). Spermathecae (Figs. 1 B, 6D–F) extending into V–VI, ectal ducts (50–80 µm long and 8–9 µm wide), widened at the ectal orifice into 15–19 µm, no glands at the openings. Ampullae oval (50–70 µm long and 15–19 µm wide), filled with sperm.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Csitári, Bianka & Felföldi, Tamás, 2017, A new Cernosvitoviella species (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) and its comparison with other Cernosvitoviella species from Sphagnum mires in Hungary, pp. 322-338 in Zootaxa 4254 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/54681
Cernosvitoviella minor Dozsa-Farkas 1990, sensu lato
No full textCernosvitoviella minor Dózsa-Farkas, 1990 sensu lato (Figures 1 E–F, 10) Cernosvitoviella minor Dózsa-Farkas, 1990: 271 –272, figs. 11–14. Rota & Healy 1999: 34 –35, figs. 1 D– E. Schmelz & Collado 2010: 59. Material investigated: (in total 41 specimens), 4 specimens from site 1, 3 and 4 (13.10.2014), 7 specimens from site 2 (21.05.2014 and 13.10.2014), 20 specimens from site 6 (31.03.2014), 3 specimens from sites 8 and 9 (31.03.2014), 5 specimens from site 10 (13.05.2011), 2 specimens from site 11 (20.06.2016). Body 2–3.3 mm long, 140–200 µm wide at VIII and 150–280 µm at XII, segments 19–22. Chaetae sigmoid with nodulus, up to 6–7–(8) per bundle. The clitellum, when well-developed, saddle-shaped, the glandular cells in transverse rows interrupted ventrally (Fig. 10 F). In the prostomium about 8–10 large, rounded papillae (Fig. 10 B). Brain (Fig. 10 A) slightly incised posteriorly, about 85–90 µm long and 1.5 times longer than wide. Two pairs primary and two pairs secondary pharyngeal glands (Fig. 10 J). Dorsal vessel originating at XII or XIII, blood lightpink or colourless. Interestingly, the anterior bifurcation not in peristomium, as in other Cernosvitoviella species, but in segment III (Fig. 10 C) (observed only in two cases, not studied in all specimens, so requiring further studies). Nephridia mostly unpaired in 6/7–7/8 and 8/9 or 9/10. Coelomocytes are very variable: Originally they were described by Dózsa-Farkas (1990) as spindle-shaped, with coarse refractile granules (black in transmittent light). Later Rota & Healy (1999) found that the coelomocytes are variable in shape and colour (dark and hyaline). In the case of specimens studied here, this trait was also variable. Sometimes all coelomocytes were granulated and dark, while in other specimens there were spindle-shaped or oval-dark and hyaline cells alike. Hyaline cells are usually concentrated in the forepart of the body, while the majority of dark cells are found in the posterior part (Fig. 10 D,E). Sperm funnels cylindrical, about 30–40 µm long and 2 times longer than wide, with high collar (Fig. 10 G). Sperm duct about 5 times longer than the length of funnels, diameter uniform (6 µm) and without or with a small dilatation at the opening. Male pores surrounded by glands. Spermatozoa 25–29 µm long, heads 12–13 µm. Spermathecae also variable but confined to V. Ampullae spherical, length of the ectal duct can varying: In some specimens, ducts are very short (11–20 µm long and the diameters of ampullae are 14–20 µm (Figs.1 E, 10H,J)), in other specimens, the ducts are much longer (50–55 µm long) and ampullae are also larger: diameter 23–25 µm and here the sperm is arranged mostly crosswise in the lumen (Figs.1 F, 10I). In some cases, intermediate states were also found (e.g., duct 28 µm long, ampulla 22 µm wide). In all samples were found specimens with long and short ectal ducts alike.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Csitári, Bianka & Felföldi, Tamás, 2017, A new Cernosvitoviella species (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) and its comparison with other Cernosvitoviella species from Sphagnum mires in Hungary, pp. 322-338 in Zootaxa 4254 (3) on pages 333-334, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/54681
Cernosvitoviella minor Dozsa-Farkas 1990, sensu lato
No full textCernosvitoviella minor Dózsa-Farkas, 1990, sensu lato (Figure 13) Material examined. 6 specimens (two were deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea; NIBRIV0000860937, in 70 % ethanol). 2–3.3 mm long, 140–200 μm wide at VIII and 150–280 μm at XII, segments 19–24. Chaetae sigmoid with nodulus, up to 7–8 per bundle (Fig. 13C). The clitellum saddle-shaped, the glandular cells in transverse rows, absent ventrally (Fig. 13A). Brain incised posteriorly, about 1.5 times longer than wide. Two pairs of primary and two pairs of secondary pharyngeal glands. Dorsal vessel originating at XII or XIII, blood light pink. Anterior bifurcation in segment III (Fig. 13G). Nephridia mostly unpaired in 6/7–7/8 and 8/9 or 9/10 (Fig. 13B). Coelomocytes variable, with either coarse refractile granules (black in transmitted light) or hyaline cytoplasm (Fig. 13B). The sperm funnels cylindrical, about 30–40 μm long and 2 times longer than wide, with high collar (Figs 13A, D, E). Sperm ducts about 5 times longer than the funnels, with uniform diameter (6 μm) and without or with a small dilatation at the opening. Male pores surrounded by glands (Figs 13A, F). Spermatozoa 26–29 μm long. Spermathecae also variable but confined to V, similarly to the description of Dózsa-Farkas et al. (2017). The ampulla sphaerical, but the length of the ectal duct is variable. In some specimens, they are short (Fig. 13H), in other specimens, the ducts are much longer (Fig. 13I). Mostly one large egg is present at a time (Figs 13A, D, F). Distribution and habitat in Korea. Muljangori-oreum Wetland, Bonggae-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, N 33°24’29.04”, E 126°36’23.41”, 812 m asl; Mt. Chiaksan, Hakgok-ri, Socho-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, soil of mixed forests, Q. serrata forest, N 37°23’36.50”, E 128°03’15.30”, 395 m asl.Published as part of Felföldi, Tamás, Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Nagy, Hajnalka & Hong, Yong, 2020, Three new enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Annelida) from mountain soils of Korea and ten species new for the country, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4896 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/435898
The Use of the AHP in Civil Engineering Projects
No full textMost engineering, economic, social and institutional decisions are made with explicit notions of optimal behavior and implicit human motivations. In such a process, manipulation of both tangible and intangible data and satisfaction of multiple criteria are essential to the success of decision-making. In this paper an approach to multiple-criteria decision making known as the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is presented. Some mathematical details of the procedure are briefly discussed. The application of the method to a real life civil engineering project for the selection of an appropriate bridge design is also presented.multi-criteria decision making, analytic hierarchy process, bridge design
Primal and Dual Characterizations for Farkas Type Lemmas in Terms of Closedness Criteria
No full textThis paper deals with the characterization, in terms of closedness of certain sets regarding other sets, of Farkas lemmas determining when the upperlevel set of a convex function f contains a set of the form C ∩ −1 (D), where C and D are convex sets (not necessarily cones) in locally convex spaces X (with topological dual X′) and Y, respectively, while is a continuous linear operator from X to Y. More in detail, each of the mentioned characterizations of Farkas type lemmas consists in the closedness of certain subset of either one of the “primal” spaces X × Y × ℝ and Y × ℝ, or of the “dual” space X′ × ℝ, regarding some singleton set of the corresponding space. Moreover, the paper also provides an existence theorem for the feasible set C ∩ −1 (D) in terms of the closedness of certain subset of the dual space X′ ×ℝ regarding the singleton set formed by the null element. These results are illustrated with significant applications to constrained convex minimization problems and to functional approximation by polynomials.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. The research of the first author has been partly supported by the project “Generalized Farkas lemma for a family of adjustable systems with uncertainty and applications”, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. The research of the second author has been supported by Grant PID2022-136399NB-C21, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU
Cernosvitoviella farkasi Dózsa-Farkas, Csitári & Felföldi, 2017, sp. n.
No full textCernosvitoviella farkasi sp. n. (Figures 1 A, 2–4) Holotype. C4 slide No.1064, adult, stained whole mounted specimen. Type locality. Kȏszeg Mts., near to the Sphagnum mire, 47o24.180N 16o33.531E, 349 m asl, in a young Scots pine forest with Molinia, mud, leg. K. Dózsa-Farkas, J. Farkas, Z. Tóth, 21.05.2014. Paratypes (in total 59 specimens). P.89.1–89.13 slides No 1037, 1039–1042, 1044–1045, 1062–1063, 1065, 2150–2151, 2220, 19 stained specimens from type locality, 21.05.2014. P.89.14, 19 specimens from type locality, in 70 % ethanol, 21.05.2014. P.89.15, 11 specimens from type locality, 13.10.2014. P.89.16, 10 specimens from type locality, in 70 % ethanol, 24.10.2016. Further material examined. 22 living specimens, not fixed, from the type locality. Etymology. Named in honour of our colleague, Dr. János Farkas, who assisted many times in recent sampling campaigns. Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) small size (body length 3–5 mm, in vivo), segments 22–26; (2) maximum 6–8 sigmoid and nodulate chaetae per bundle; (3) clitellum developed only laterally; (4) two or three unpaired nephridia preclitellarly; (5) coelomocytes spindleshaped, with refractile granules, black under transmittent light; (6) 2 + 2 pharyngeal glands; (7) sperm funnel cylindrical, large, approximately 2/3 as long as body diameter, collar conspicuous, slightly narrower than the funnel body; (8) sperm ducts considerably widened in the middle; (9) male copulatory organs large, pores surrounded by gland cells; (10) spermathecae free, reaching VII–IX segments, consisting of ectal ducts, hemispherical parts with sperm and long wide ampullae; the distal part of ectal ducts with conspicuous widenings. Description. Holotype 3.0 mm long, 160 µm wide at VIII and 205 µm at clitellum (fixed), 25 segments. Length of paratypes 3–5 mm, width 140–230 µm at VIII and 200–310 µm at clitellum in vivo, length of fixed specimens 1.8–3.8 mm, width 130–160 µm at VIII and 170–220 µm at clitellum, segments 22–26. Chaetae slender, sigmoid, with nodulus; number of chaetae per bundle variable, up to 6–8 in ventral preclitellar bundles, length 28– 35 µm. Chaetae in XII absent. Head pore at 0. Clitellum only laterally in XII–1 /2XIII, gland cells in dense rows or irregularly distributed (granulocytes about 10–13 µm long and 7–8 µm wide (fixed), the hyalocytes slightly smaller and fewer). Thickness of body wall about 12 µm in vivo, (9 µm when fixed), cuticle very thin. Brain deeply cleft posteriorly, about 100 µm long and two times longer than wide when fixed (Fig. 2 A). In prostomium, about 12 inner papillae (Figs. 2 A,B) similar to those found in Xetadrilus (Schmelz et al. 2011). This trait of Cernosvitoviella species is mentioned for the first time here. Oesophageal appendages and intestinal diverticula absent. Two pairs of primary pharyngeal glands in 4/5 and 5/6, dorsally without or with narrow connection, two secondary glands free in V and VI. (Fig. 4 D). Chloragocytes from V and forming a dense layer from VI, individual cells relatively large (22–55 µm long) and containing refractile oil droplets in vivo (Fig. 2 G). Midgut pars tumida in XV–XIX, occupying 2–3 segments (Fig. 2 E). Dorsal vessel from XII or in front of XIII, blood slightly pink, the anterior bifurcation in peristomium. 2–3 mostly unpaired preclitellar nephridia from 6/7 or 7/8, anteseptale small with funnel only, postseptale with conspicuous canals, efferent duct terminal (Fig. 2 F). Coelomocytes spindle-shaped with dark refractile granules, 36–60 µm long, 7–8 µm wide in the middle in vivo (Figs. 2 C,D). In fixed specimens they are only 20–22 µm long, the granules are not visible but the nucleus is large. Seminal vesicle large in X–XI (Fig. 3 A). Sperm funnels cylindrical, large (Figs. 2 I, 3A,C), about 90–180 µm long in vivo (80–155 µm, fixed) and 2–3 times longer than wide, about 3/4 of body diameter; collar distinct, tall and slightly narrower than the funnel body. Spermatozoa about 70 µm long, heads 25 µm, in vivo (40–60 µm and 10–20 µm, fixed, respectively). Sperm ducts considerably widened in the middle (Figs. 2 I, 3B,C,D). This thick-walled dilation about 120–180 µm long, 30–50 µm wide and the canal is 17–26 µm wide in vivo (100–180 µm, 23–34 µm and 14–17 µm, fixed, respectively). Tracts of the sperm duct before and after the dilation of about the same length as the dilated part; just after the sperm funnel duct is slightly thinner, diameter about 8–13 µm until the dilation, while the part after the dilation is 13–19 µm wide, finally slightly dilated again in the male copulatory organ, up to 15–20 µm in vivo. Male copulatory organs large, the male pore surrounded by glands forming a round and compact mass (Figs. 3 B,C,D,E), diameter 60–90 µm in vivo (60–70 µm, fixed). Subneural glands absent. Spermathecae free (Figs. 1 A, 2H, 4A.B,D), ectal glands absent. Spermathecae consist of ectal ducts (about 170 µm long and 10 µm wide in vivo, and fixed alike) widened ectally to up to 25 µm in vivo (20 µm, fixed) (Figs. 3 F,G, 4C). The ectal ducts in VI widens into almost hemispherical parts with sperm in them (25–32 µm wide in vivo and fixed alike) (Figs. 3 G. 4A). These bulbiform parts continue in long ducts which expand into wide sack-like ampullae (30–50 µm wide, in vivo and fixed alike). Ampullae reaching VII–IX segments when fully developed (Figs. 2 H, 4A,B). In the subadult specimens the hemispherical parts absent and the ampullae smaller, expanding only to VI or VII. One mature egg at a time. On the body wall surface, often epibiotic ciliates attached, similar to other Cernosvitoviella species (Figs. 2 I, 3H). Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type locality. Differential diagnosis. The new species is clearly distinguished from the rest of hitherto described Cernosvitoviella species by the prominent dilatation in the middle part of the vas deferens. C. farkasi sp. n. is most similar to C. aggtelekiensis in size, the type of coelomocytes, and the remarkable dilatations of the vasa deferentia (Figs. 3 B–D vs. Figs. 5 I,J). However, in the new species coelomocytes are narrower (Figs. 2 C,D vs. Figs. 5 E,F), the dilatations of the vasa deferentia are located more proximally, and they are more conspicuous and refracting. The spermathecal ectal duct of C. aggtelekiensis has also a widening distally, but the ampullae reach only into V or VI (Figs. 1 B, 6D–F). In five Cernosvitoviella species (C. sphaerotheca Healy, 1975, C. briganta Springett 1969, C. palustris Healy, 1979, C. estaragniensis Giani, 1979 and C. ampullax Klungland & Abrahamsen, 1981), the spermathecae also extend into VIII or IX, but in these species the dilatations of the vasa deferentia are absent or smaller, or they occur distally if present.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Csitári, Bianka & Felföldi, Tamás, 2017, A new Cernosvitoviella species (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) and its comparison with other Cernosvitoviella species from Sphagnum mires in Hungary, pp. 322-338 in Zootaxa 4254 (3) on pages 324-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/54681
Decimodrilus bulbosus Dózsa-Farkas & Nagy & Felföldi & Hong 2022, sp. n.
No full textDecimodrilus bulbosus sp. n. (Figures 2A, 3–4) Type material. Holotype: NIBRIV0000886161, slide No. 2876, adult, stained whole mounted specimen [last 7 segments, 0.76 mm used for DNA analysis (No. 1395, ID number 911b)]. Type locality: Jeoksangsan, Jeoksangmyeon, Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, soil and litter layers of Pinus densiflora and mixed forests, N 35˚56′58.63″, E 127˚40′26.90″, 387 m asl, 06.11.2019. Paratypes: In total 4 specimens, same data as for the holotype: NIBRIV0000886163, slide No. 2875, NIBRIV0000886162, slide No. 2877, P.137.1–137.2 slide No. 2874, 2878, adult, stained, whole mounted specimens. Further material examined. No additional specimens were found at the study sites. Etymology. It was named after the bulbiform ampulla of the spermatheca (bulbosus = bulbiform, Latin). Diagnosis. The new species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: (1) 5.4–8.9 mm long (in vivo), segments 33–39; (2) chaetae maximum 5–6 per bundle, straight or slightly bent in a bundle arranged in asymmetric fan without nodulus; (3) five pairs of prelitellar nephridia, 6/7–10/11, anteseptale consisting of funnel only; (4) dorsal lobes of pharyngeal glands usually free, connected in IV in some specimens, ventral lobes in IV–VI, small in IV, large in VI, one pair of secondary glands in VI; (5) dorsal blood vessel origin in XII, blood colourless; (6) intestinal diverticulum in IX–X; (7) sperm funnel cylindrical, 200–370 μm long, about 3–4 times longer than wide (in vivo); (8) seminal vesicle absent; (9) spermathecal ectal duct contractile, 100–250 μm long and 20–30 μm wide (in vivo), with one or two ectal glands and a relative large ampulla (diameter 50–75 μm), ampullae united proximally and connected jointly with oesophagus; (10) one mature egg at a time. Description. Small worms. Holotype 8.9 mm long, 260 μm wide at VIII and 300 μm at clitellum in vivo (4.1 mm long, 250 μm wide at VIII and 265 μm at clitellum, fixed), 37 segments. Length of paratypes 5.4–8.9 mm, width 200–300 μm at VIII and 250–300 μm at clitellum in vivo, length of fixed specimens 3.4–4.9 mm, width 190–280 μm at VIII and 200–265 μm at clitellum, segments 33–39. Chaetal formula 3,4,5–3,4,(2): 5,6,4–4,5,3,(2). Chaetae straight or slightly bent without nodulus, in a bundle arranged in asymmetric fan, those towards dorsal and ventral midlines of body gradually smaller, e.g. 45, 35, 28, 23, 20 μm long in a ventral bundle of segment VI. Maximum length 38–45 μm, alike in preclitellar region and posterior segments, width about 2–3 μm, chaetae absent in XII. Epidermal glands conspicuous in vivo, in 4 transverse rows (Fig. 3E). Body wall 20–28 μm thick, cuticle less than 1 μm. Clitellum extending over XII–½ XIII, girdle-shaped, gland cells irregularly scattered; larger hyaline gland cells are surrounded by smaller granular gland cells (Fig. 3C); clitellum absent midventrally between the bursal slits and before them, posteriorly the structure same kind as dorsally. Head pore 0/I, a longitudinal rhombus-shaped slit (Fig. 3D). Brain (Figs 3A,B) about 130 μm long in vivo and 95 μm when fixed, 1.5–2 times longer than wide, anteriorly slightly convex or concave, posteriorly truncated. Oesophageal appendages absent. Postpharyngeal bulbs well developed. All pairs of pharyngeal glands are free or united in IV dorsally, all with ventral lobes (in IV small, in VI large), and one small pair of secondary glands in VI, at times hardly visible. Intestinal widening (intestinal diverticula?) in IX–X (Figs 3G–I), 130–170 μm wide in vivo (100–153 μm when fixed), about 50–70 μm wider than intestine before and after intestinal widening. In D. bulbosus the name of diverticula probably not correct, but the widening of the intestine is probably functionally identical with the well visible diverticula in D. diverticulatus. Chloragocytes about 13–16 μm high. Dorsal blood vessel from XII, blood colourless; the anterior bifurcation in peristomium. Five pairs of preclitellar nephridia from 6/7 to 10/11; anteseptale consisting of funnel only, efferent duct arises antero-ventrally, posteriorly the efferent duct arises posteriorly. Coelomocytes oval (Fig. 3F), mucocytes with fine granulation and well visible nucleoli, about 28–37 μm long in vivo. Midgut pars tumida in XIX–XXIV occupying 3–5 segments (Fig. 4A). Seminal vesicle absent. Sperm funnels (Figs 3G, 4D–E) cylindrical, 200–370 μm long, 3–4 times longer than wide in vivo (120–275 μm long and 2.5–4 times longer than wide in fixed specimens). The collar about as wide as funnel body or slightly narrower. Diameter of sperm ducts 6–7 μm. Spermatozoa 90–100 μm long, heads 35–40 μm in vivo (80–85 and 15–37 μm, fixed, respectively). Male glandular bulb (Fig. 4B–C) compact, well developed, 130–170 μm long, 73–82 μm wide and 50–67 μm high in vivo (70–100 × 50–60 × 42–58 μm respectively, fixed). Spermathecae (Figs 2A, 4F–H) jointly attached to the oesophagus; ectal ducts contractile and 100–250 μm long and 20–30 μm wide in vivo (40–110 μm long, and 23–25 μm wide, fixed), canal well visible, 7–8 μm wide, distally widening at ampulla to 17–22 μm width in vivo, with one or two hyaline ectal glands (Fig. 4F). Ectal glands often difficult to see because of large amounts of coelomocytes and, in the fixed specimens, because of the weak staining intensity. Ampullae onion-shaped, lumen with globular sperm masses (Fig. 4F–H). Ampullae united proximally via short ental ducts and connected jointly with the oesophagus. One mature egg at a time. Distribution and habitat. Only known from type locality (Site 2): Jeoksangsan, Jeoksang-myeon, Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, soil and litter layers of Pinus densiflora and mixed forests, N 35˚56′58.63″, E 127˚40′26.90″, 387 m asl. Differential diagnosis. This new species belongs to Decimodrilus on account of the following characters: intestinal widening present in IX–X, the shape of brain, the number of preclitellar nephridia (5), the type of chaetae, secondary pharyngeal glands in VI, seminal vesicle absent, and the spermathecae connect jointly with the oesophagus. Currently, this species is the largest in the genus, and the principal differences are in spermathaecal ampulla: in D. diverticulatus Dózsa-Farkas, Nagy, Felföldi & Hong, 2019 the ampulla has two diverticula-like protrusions, in D. globulatus Dózsa-Farkas, Nagy, Felföldi & Hong, 2019 2–3 regular sperm rolls are in the onionshaped ampulla, whereas in the new species the large onion-shaped ampulla is filled only with a sperm mass not in rolls. The clitellum is entirely open ventrally in D. diverticulatus, but closed posteriorly in the new species and in D. globulatus. The sperm funnel is larger in D. bulbosus sp. n. (200–370 μm long and 2.8–4.8 times longer than wide but 70–130 μm long and 1.7–3.5 times longer than wide in D. globulatus and 90–140 μm long and 2–3 times longer than wide in D. diverticulatus in vivo). Similarly, the male copulatory organs of D. bulbosus sp. n. are larger than in the other species (130–170 μm long, vs. 115–140 μm in D. globulatus and 80–90 μm in D. diverticulatus in vivo). The maximum number of chaetae in a bundle is 5–6, but four in D. diverticulatus (five only in the case of one specimen) and five in D. globulatus (in one specimen, 6 in a single bundle). Furthermore, the intestinal widening in IX–X is stronger developed in D. diverticulatus than in the new species and in D. globulatus.Published as part of Dózsa-Farkas, Klára, Nagy, Hajnalka, Felföldi, Tamás & Hong, Yong, 2022, Four new enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Annelida) from a Korean mountain (Jeoksangsan), pp. 234-260 in Zootaxa 5094 (2) on pages 237-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5094.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/596517
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