27 research outputs found
Girls preferred? Changing patterns of gender preferences in the two German states
No full textParental preferences for the sex of children are a prominent subject of study in some Asian and African countries where sex-selective behavior has led to skewed sex-ratios. In Europe or North-America, by contrast, cross-sectional data does not reveal any clear pattern of sex-preferences. However, this does not mean that people are indifferent to the sex of their children. Taking a longitudinal perspective, this paper shows how sex-preferences in Germany have changed over time and in response to changes in welfare regime. Based on German cohort data, event-history models reveal a significant boy-preference among women born before 1910 during the German Reich. After the world war II, women in West-Germany never developed a clear sex-preference, but cohorts born in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) show a significant preference for girls. This pattern is absorbed by the pro-family policy that was launched by the socialist regime during the seventies. In conclusion, the paper argues that the process of modernization does not neutralize sex-preferences as is often assumed. Rather, it may give rise to diverging sex-preferences depending on the specific type of welfare regime. (AUTHOR)
40-year-activity of the Congress of French Polonia (1949-1989)
No full textThis article presents the 40 year history of the activity of the Congress of French Polonia (KPF) on the basis of acts and archives of the Congress as well as materials collected by the author.
The time of the Congress activity was divided into four parts: 1949-1956 - the struggle for existence, the yearning toward an independent existence, 1957-66 - the upholding of the illusion, 1967-1979 - missed opportunities, 1979-1989 - a charge of directions.
In the detailed analysis of each of these period there were presented, among other things: the structural and personal changes in the membership of the Congress, as well as its status with regard to the Comission on Education for Polish Emigration and the Polish Catholic Union. The author voises the opinion that the structure and activity of the Congress as well as The unions uncorparated in them envelop the Entirety of the Polonia community in the French environment.
The KPF in 1979 was reformed as the Congress of Polonia in France enabling greater possibilities for the true functioning of the organization
Level 3: Le Gentil Garcon / The Nice Boy
No full textI dedicate this book to the imaginations of young people. I hope this reading will help you do a lot of adventures.
About the Author: Hello! My name is Haley Bufka. I am twenty years old, and I study international affairs at Kennesaw State University (KSU). I have two dogs that I love very much, and we are going on adventures all the time. In my spare time, I read or create works of art.
Je dédie ce livre aux imaginations des jeunes. J\u27espère que cette lecture vous aidera à faire beaucoup d\u27aventures.
Au sujet de l’auteur Bonjour ! Je m\u27appelle Haley Bufka. J\u27ai vingt ans, et j\u27étudie les affaires internationales à Kennesaw State University (KSU). J\u27ai deux chiens que j\u27aime beaucoup, et nous allons faire des aventures tout le temps. Dans mon temps libre, je lis ou crée des œuvres d\u27arthttps://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/globallib/1000/thumbnail.jp
The development of the Islamist movement in Algeria.
No full textSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DX189178 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Inactivated pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus human vaccines have different efficacy after homologous challenge in the ferret model
No full textBackgroundThe 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) influenza A virus (IAV) has replaced the previous seasonal H1N1 strain in humans and continues to circulate worldwide. The comparative performance of inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccines remains of considerable interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two licensed A(H1N1)pdm09 inactivated vaccines (AS03B adjuvanted split virion Pandemrix from GlaxoSmithKline and referred here as (V1) and non‐adjuvanted whole virion Celvapan from Baxter and referred here as (V2)) in ferrets as a pre‐clinical model for human disease intervention.MethodsNaïve ferrets were divided into two groups (V1 and V2) and immunised intramuscularly with two different A/California/07/2009‐derived inactivated vaccines, V1 administered in a single dose and V2 administered in 2 doses separated by 21 days. Six weeks after the first immunisation, vaccinated animals and a non‐vaccinated control (NVC) group were intra‐nasally challenged with 106.5 TCID50 of the isolate A/England/195/2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 with 99.1% amino acid identity to the vaccine strain. Clinical signs, lung histopathology, viral quantification and antibody responses were evaluated.Results and ConclusionsResults revealed important qualitative differences in the performance of both inactivated vaccines in relation to protection against challenge with a comparable virus in a naive animal (ferret) model of human disease. Vaccine V1 limited and controlled viral shedding and reduced lower respiratory tract infection. In contrast, vaccine V2 did not control infection and animals showed sustained viral shedding and delayed lower respiratory infection, resulting in pulmonary lesions, suggesting lower efficacy of V2 vaccine
Early responses of natural killer cells in pigs experimentally infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus.
No full textNatural killer (NK) cells are important players in the innate immune response against influenza A virus and the activating receptor NKp46, which binds hemagglutinin on the surface of infected cells, has been assigned a role in this context. As pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and pigs possess both NKp46- and NKp46+ NK cells, they represent a good animal model for studying the role of the NKp46 receptor during influenza. We explored the role of NK cells in piglets experimentally infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by flow cytometric analyses of cells isolated from blood and lung tissue and by immunostaining of lung tissue sections. The number of NKp46+ NK cells was reduced while NKp46- NK cells remained unaltered in the blood 1-3 days after infection. In the lungs, the intensity of NKp46 expression on NK cells was increased during the first 3 days, and areas where influenza virus nucleoprotein was detected were associated with increased numbers of NKp46+ NK cells when compared to uninfected areas. NKp46+ NK cells in the lung were neither found to be infected with influenza virus nor to be undergoing apoptosis. The binding of porcine NKp46 to influenza virus infected cells was verified in an in vitro assay. These data support the involvement of porcine NKp46+ NK cells in the local immune response against influenza virus
Detection of IFN-γ and TNF in lung tissue.
No full text<p>(<b>A</b>) Intracellular IFN-γ was analysed in lung mononuclear cells from influenza A virus infected animals and control animals by flow cytometry. IFN-γ <sup>+</sup> cells were gated among live lymphocytes. Plots show representative isotype control (left) and IFN-γ staining (right) from the same infected animal on day 3 pi (<b>B</b>) Percentages of IFN-γ<sup> +</sup> cells obtained by flow cytometry in control animals (<i>n</i> = 8) and infected animals (<i>n</i> = 4 per day). Data from one animal at day 1 is missing due to too few cells isolated. (<b>C</b>) Gene expression for IFN-γ and TNF mRNA in infected animals (<i>n</i> = 4 per day) was calculated as relative values to the household gene GADPH and to mRNA levels of the target gene in a control group (<i>n</i> = 4). Each symbol represents one infected animal, different symbols represents animals sacrificed the same day. Values above 1 indicate an up regulation, whereas values below 1 indicate a down regulation of the target gene.</p
Percentages of NK cells and expression of NKp46 and CD25 in lung tissue.
No full text<p>Mononuclear cells were isolated from lung tissue of pigs infected with influenza A virus (<i>n</i> = 12) and control animals (<i>n</i> = 6) during the first 3 days pi and analysed by flow cytometry. (<b>A</b>) Live CD3<sup>−</sup> lymphocytes were gated as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0100619#pone-0100619-g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. NK cells were gated according to CD8α and NKp46 expression and defined as NKp46<sup>−</sup>, NKp46<sup>int</sup> or NKp46<sup>high</sup> cells. Plot shown is from a representative control animal. (<b>B</b>) Proportions of NKp46<sup>−</sup> (green), NKp46<sup>int</sup> (blue) and NKp46<sup>high</sup> (purple) NK cells in individual animals, shown as percentages of gated cells in lymphocytes. (<b>C</b>) Percentages of NKp46<sup>−</sup> (left), NKp46<sup>int</sup> (middle) and NKp46<sup>high</sup> (right) NK cells among lymphocytes. (<b>D</b>) Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) in the NKp46<sup>−</sup> gate (left), the NKp46<sup>+</sup> gate (middle) and in the NKp46<sup>high</sup> gate (right) are shown. (<b>E</b>) CD25<sup>+</sup> cells were gated in the NKp46<sup>−</sup> and NKp46<sup>int</sup> NK cells (left) and in the NKp46<sup>high</sup> NK cells (right). Plots shown are from a representative control animal. (<b>F</b>) The percentages of CD25<sup>+</sup> cells in each gate were calculated in control animals (green), infected animals from day 1 (purple), day 2 (blue) and day 3 (pink) pi. *<i>p</i>≤0,05, **<i>p</i>≤0.01.</p
Binding of porcine NKp46 Ig fusion protein to of influenza A virus infected MDCK cells analysed by flow cytometry.
No full text<p>Cells were gated according to forward/side scatter characteristics. (<b>A</b>) Histograms show binding of different concentrations of NKp46-Ig to infected cells. Percentages of positively stained cells are indicated. (<b>B</b>) Infected as well as non-infected MDCK were stained with anti-H1 mAbs. Corresponding isotype-matched irrelevant mAbs and secondary antibodies only served as controls. (<b>C</b>) Double staining for H1 and the highest concentration of NKp46-Ig are shown on influenza infected cells. Results are representative of four independent experiments.</p
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia in pigs infected with influenza A virus.
No full text<p>Pathological changes were recorded in the lungs of twelve pigs inoculated with influenza A virus on days 1–5 and 8 pi (<i>n</i> = 2 per day). (<b>A</b>) Macroscopic lesions were most prominent on day 3 pi; representative lesions are shown (arrow). (<b>B</b>) Histological changes on day 1 pi; representative lesions are shown. Leucocytes and cell debris (arrows) in the lumen of a bronchus. Hematoxylin and eosin, 100x. (<b>C</b>) Influenza A virus NP positive staining (arrows) in luminal cells and in the epithelial lining of a bronchus (1), a bronchiole (2) and in the pneumocytes of the parenchyma (3) in the same animal as shown in (C), serial sections (NP stained with AEC and counterstained with hematoxylin, 100x).</p
