1,720,974 research outputs found
To Combine Literary and Military Talents: Literati's Participations in Military Affairs in the Late Tang China
No full text日本陸軍士官學校畢業的中國留學生，不論在近代中國軍事、政治史，或是近代中日交流、外交史等研究上，皆為相當重要的課題。培養近代中國軍事人才的四大機制中，最早確立的即為日本陸軍士官學校之中國留學生制度。清末各省講武堂等軍事學校、民初成立之保定陸軍軍官學校，以及國共合作產物──黃埔陸軍軍官學校，這三者聘任的師資，或多或少都仰賴日本陸軍士官學校之中國留學生。留日士官生漸次投入近代中國軍事教育最前線，這對近代中國軍事教育的永續經營，以及國家生存發展之獨立自主等方面，均有頗大貢獻。
中國武備留學生在經過成城學校或振武學校的預備軍事教育，再接受日本陸軍士官學校的正式軍事教育薰陶後，學成歸國，他們為中國的軍事近代化帶來了相當深遠的影響，包括參謀制度到軍政、軍令二元制的建立，秋季野戰演習的實施，及對各級軍事學校的經營各方面。此外，南方革命勢力、袁世凱、段祺瑞及張作霖等四股勢力對留日士官生的拉攏與重用，除為這些勢力的當權者帶來一定的政治利益或軍事效益外，也反映了留日士官生各自的政治傾向。Study of Chinese overseas graduates of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy is an important topic in research on Chinese military history and political history, and in research on Sino-Japanese relations, history of foreign affairs. That is because, of the four major sources to educate China’s military talent, the earliest to be established was the Chinese overseas student system of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. The teachers appointed to the provincial military schools of the late Qing, the early republican period Baoding Military Academy, as well as the Whampoa Military Academy, which was established as a result of the First United Front, more or less relied on Chinese overseas students supplied by the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. The gradual participation of these overseas students on the forefront of China’s military education made a considerably large contribution to the lasting operation of China’s military education, as well as developing independent national survival.
These Chinese overseas students passed through and completed preparatory military education at Seijou Preparatory School or Sinbu Preparatory School, as well as the formal military education of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. After they returned home, it can be said they brought about a deep and lasting influence on the modernization of China’s military. Regardless whether it is in the establishment of the system of staff to the dualism of military administration and military command, or in the implementation of the Autumnal Field Maneuvers, as well as in the operations of each level of military school, we can see the influence of these overseas students. In addition, the influence of the Southern Revolutionary Power, Yuan Shikai (袁世凱, 1859-1916), Duan Qirui (段祺瑞, 1865-1936), and Zhang Zuolin (張作霖, 1875-1928)in attracting Chinese overseas students of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and placing them into important positions, aside from the political and military benefits, also reflected the political leaning of each overseas student
A Missing Chance of Turnaround: The Accession of Emperor Lizong and the Political Friction in the Late Southern Song
No full text南宋的皇位繼承屢生糾紛，尤以理宗（1205-1264，1224-1264在位）的即位最具爭議性，由此引發的政爭影響深遠。當寧宗（1168-1224，1194-1224在位）垂死之際，在宰相史彌遠（1164-1233）的策劃下，理宗從原本的皇姪身分變成皇子，並順利承繼皇位。掌權的史彌遠隨即對內徵召理學名士入朝，對外強化控制山東忠義軍，企圖藉著新君即位，修補與異議者關係，創造改善政局的轉機。但是，寶慶元年（1225）年初，湖州爆發擁立失勢皇子趙竑（?-1225）的事變與忠義軍在楚州的叛亂，嚴重破壞主政者的佈局。為求穩定局勢，史彌遠逼死趙竑、全力安撫忠義軍的作法，引來諸多批評與抗議，最終導致史彌遠與真德秀（1178-1235）、魏了翁（1178-1237）為首的反對派徹底決裂，彌遠藉台諫官之力，將這批異議者逐出朝廷。理宗與史彌遠雖斥逐知名理學家，卻仍要提倡其所代表的學術來吸引士人的向心，以致真德秀等人雖失去官職，仍在民間著書、授徒，擁有極高的聲望。等到山東忠義軍的威脅在紹定四年（1231）大致解決，史彌遠放鬆對內的壓制，逐步恢復真德秀等人官銜與職位。只是經過這一段時期的激烈對抗，史彌遠與反對者的關係已難以修補，迨其身故，理宗親政，南宋政局仍繼續在支持與反對史彌遠的兩大陣營衝突中，持續動盪。As Emperor Ningzong failed to appoint his heir-apparent, his death in 1224 created possible conflicts in the court. By cooperating with Empress dowager Yang, however, prime administer Shi Miyuan successfully enthroned Zhao Yun as Emperor Lizong, and another imperial son Zhao Hong, who had been adopted as Ningzong’s son in 1221, was forced to leave the capital to Huzhou. To strengthen the authority of new emperor, Shi recruited famous Neo-Confucians, such as Zhen Dexiu, to the court, and started to adopt an aggressive policy to control the “loyalist armies” along the northern border. Having controlled the Song court for seventeen years, Shi Miyuan certainly tried to create a turnaround at the time of enthroning the new emperor. His main objective was to receive more support inside, and strengthen the border defenses outside. Unfortunately, two rebellions occurred in early 1225, which not only ruined the plans of Shi Miyuan, but also produced protests from bureaucrats, especially from famous Neo-Confucians. To prevent these protesters from threatening his power, Shi Miyuan convinced the emperor to expel them from the court, which created severe rivalry between Shi Miyuan and Neo-Confucians, such as Zhen Dexiu and Wei Liaoweng. To Emperor Lizong, the policy of Shi created a dilemma. On the one hand, as Shi Miyuan and his supporters had dominated the government for a long time, the emperor needed to accept Shi’s suggestions, but he also wanted to recruit Neo-Confucians to his court, as Neo-Confucianism had become increasingly popular among literati class. This dilemma was the main factor producing the political factions during Lizong’s reign, even after the death of Shi Miyuan in 1233
How to Develop a Traditional Field? ──Some Reflections on Political History of the Song Dynasty
No full text就臺灣近二十年的中國史研究而言，政治史並非熱門領域，學界往往將這種現象歸因於社會史、文化史等新領域的發展。本文藉由回顧宋代政治史的研究成果，指出政治史的趨於沉寂，不僅是受到其他新興領域崛起的影響，更是由於自身在發展上遭遇了一些困境。經由分析議題選擇與論證方式兩個層面，可以看出多數的論著在選題上以資料的多寡為導向，因而產生了議題集中的現象。在論證的處理上，對於推論所依據的證據缺乏深度的辨析，使所得之論點有所差誤，也就阻礙了繼續開展研究的空間。
本文希望經由分析宋代政治史研究的缺陷之所在，能有助於思索繼續發展此一傳統領域的可能方向。During the past twenty years, political history has attracted less attention from historians of ancient China in Taiwan. This fact is usually attributed to the new developments of social and cultural history, which has become more popular in the historian community. Through reflecting on research of Song political history, however, this article tries to identify the reasons causing the decline of political history by an alternative method. Using Song political history as an example, this article argues that the failure to create new research subjects was the main obstacle for further developing political history. The fact that historians inclined to choose famous Song scholars as their research topic has produced many publications with similar subjects, and limited the possibility of managing research with originality. Moreover, without carefully analyzing the primary materials they used, some arguments lacked solid evidence.
Thus, reviewing and reconsidering the subject and method of political history has become crucial for historians who intend to develop Song political history
The Price of Orthodoxy: Issues of Legitimacy in the Later Liang and Later Tang
No full text五代前期的後梁和後唐淵源於朱溫與李克用在唐末所建立的藩鎮政權，他們利用唐室衰微的時機，憑藉強大軍力不斷擴張，進而建立新的中央政府。依靠武力崛起的地方勢力在試圖轉變為中央政權時，其領導人勢必面臨合理化的問題，須解釋自己為何擁有「天命」而登基。後梁的朱溫希望透過禪讓與郊天儀式，證明自己是天命所歸；後唐的李存勗則以李唐王室的繼承人自居，宣稱唐室中興。不論探取何種方式，這些戎馬出身的領導人都必須要與文士合作，重視禮樂儀式，重建官僚體系。於是，他們原本全以軍事為中心的政權發生改變，也間接造成這些武人統治者的文儒化。 由於這些戎馬出身的統治者接觸文藝知識的時間甚短，對於儒學的理解有限，導致他們過度期待「正統」所能帶來的政治利益。從現實層面而言，儀式的進行須耗費大量金錢與人力，卻無助於政治和軍事問題的根本解決。當朱溫專注於禪讓儀式時，李克用父子得到重整旗鼓的機會；後梁末帝重視文治，卻缺乏統兵的能力，終為李存勗所滅。李存勗在滅梁後暫停軍事擴張，致力模仿唐代皇帝的形象，希望以唐室重建為宣傳，威服南方的獨立王國；執掌大權的郭崇韜則努力重建由世族領導的文人政府，而這兩點都成為其政權快速衰亡的原因。李嗣源取代李存勗的王位，不再追求建立王朝的正統性，而致力於保境安民，這種重視現實的政策反而能達成較長的穩定與和平。這個轉變也成為五代歷史上的一個分水嶺。After the decline of the Tang imperial authority in the late ninth century, a number of local warlords competed to erect autonomous regimes by force, gradually establishing their own dynasties. The first two dynasties after the end of the Tang, the Later Liang and the Later Tang, grew out of the rival regimes established by Zhu Wen and Li Keyong. Both Zhu and Li were bellicose generals, but who increasingly came to realize the importance of legitimacy in the process of building their national regimes. To legitimize his power, Zhu Wen claimed that the Tang orthodox authority had been transmitted to him. In contrast, Li Keyong and his son legitimized their fight against Zhu by claiming that they carried the standard of Tang restoration. Although adopting different approaches, both two military-oriented regimes turned to civil issues, such as organizing the bureaucracy and performing rituals. From a cultural perspective, the political leaders' interest in civil affairs preserved and promoted Confucian tradition under violent conditions. Their claims to orthodoxy before they effectively controlled all of China, however, retarded the military actions of these two regimes, because the attention of their rulers was diverted from the battlefield to civil affairs. This article will analyze the relationship between military expansion and the management of legitimation in both the Later Liang and the Later Tang. The short lives of the Later Liang and the Later Tang, I argue, are partly attributable to their emperors' efforts at legitimation. Military might rather than the appearance of orthodox dynastic practice was crucial to the fortunes of these two dynasties, but the emperors seemed to overemphasize the latter over the former
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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