1,721,004 research outputs found
Chinese People’s Preferences for Automated Vehicle Designs:A Survey Findings Report in Hong Kong and Shenzhen
No full textIt is not prudent to claim that the history of humanity is a history of using and developing tools and machines. The advent of machines and technological tools has played a crucial role in the progress of human society. In the twenty-first century, we are entering an age in which machines not only promote human welfare but also determine the allocation of inevitable harms that they cause. Automated vehicles (AVs) are such machines. Undoubtedly, AVs have the potential to enhance road safety, reduce traffic congestion, and provide increased mobility for individuals who face challenges with traditional transportation methods. However, in ethical dilemmas and legal puzzles faced by AVs, envision a situation where an AV must decide whether to swerve, potentially endangering three pedestrians crossing the road or maintain its course, risking harm to a group of schoolchildren inside the vehicle. This scenario underscores the complex ethical and legal choices AVs must confront, involving the allocation of risk and harm among different stakeholders on the road. Car manufacturers, system designers, legislators, and law-enforcement authorities are currently grappling with these moral and legal dilemmas. Solutions to these moral and legal puzzles can hardly be a single and universal doctrine that is applicable to every culture and legal system
Digital Psychological Twins in Medicine:Addressing Risks to Human Relationships
No full textMedical decision-making on behalf of individuals who have lost the capacity to make their own treatment choices poses significant challenges. The “substituted judgment” standard, which prioritizes individual autonomy, requires surrogate decision-makers to choose the course of action that the patient would have chosen or endorsed if they were able to do so. However, research suggests that surrogates often face difficulties in accurately predicting patient preferences, even when making a good-faith effort to adhere to the substituted judgment standard. To address these challenges, the Patient Preference Predictor (P3), a computer-based algorithm that correlates demographic data with expressed medical preferences, has been proposed to supplement or replace aspects of the surrogate decision-making process. However, critics argue that the P3 fails to respect patient autonomy due to relying on population-level data rather than accounting for individuals’ unique values, beliefs, and preferences. In response, we have proposed with our colleagues the Personalized Patient Preference Predictor (P4), an artificially intelligent (AI) system that would use machine learning to create a “digital psychological twin” or AI simulation of a patient, inclusive of their values, beliefs, and preferences, from individual-level data. While the P4 aims to address concerns raised by the P3, it has been argued that it may introduce new problems, particularly regarding its potential negative effects on the doctor–patient relationship and family relationships. In this chapter, we describe the P4, summarize objections related to its impact on human relationships, respond to these objections, and conclude with some thoughts on future directions
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
A Confucian constitutional order: How China's ancient past can shape its political future
No full textAs China continues to transform itself, many assume that the nation will eventually move beyond communism and adopt a Western-style democracy. But could China develop a unique form of government based on its own distinct traditions? Jiang Qing--China's most original, provocative, and controversial Confucian political thinker--says yes. In this book, he sets out a vision for a Confucian constitutional order that offers a compelling alternative to both the status quo in China and to a Western-style liberal democracy. A Confucian Constitutional Order is the most detailed and systematic work on Confucian constitutionalism to date. Jiang argues against the democratic view that the consent of the people is the main source of political legitimacy. Instead, he presents a comprehensive way to achieve humane authority based on three sources of political legitimacy, and he derives and defends a proposal for a tricameral legislature that would best represent the Confucian political ideal. He also puts forward proposals for an institution that would curb the power of parliamentarians and for a symbolic monarch who would embody the historical and transgenerational identity of the state. In the latter section of the book, four leading liberal and socialist Chinese critics--Joseph Chan, Chenyang Li, Wang Shaoguang, and Bai Tongdong--critically evaluate Jiang's theories and Jiang gives detailed responses to their views. © 2013 by Princeton University Press. © Eric Jonathan Walker. © Panorama / The Image Works. All Rights Reserved.link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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