1,720,965 research outputs found
Economic implications of food-related virtual water trade
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Is water consumption embedded in crop prices? A global data-driven analysis
Full text linkAgricultural production exploits about 70% of all water withdrawals around the globe, but to date,
it is not clear if and how this water consumption is taken into consideration in the price of the
agricultural primary goods. To shed light on this point, we analyze the farm gate prices of twelve
representative crops in the period 1991-2016, considering data from 162 countries in total. The
crop price dependence on the water footprint is investigated, also accounting for the country’s
water scarcity as a possible additional determinant of the price, and of the land footprint as a
possible confounding factor. We find that prices of staple crops (e.g. wheat, maize, soybeans, and
potatoes) typically embed the amount of water used for their production. Differently, food
products that do not contribute in an essential way to the human diet and whose production is
more export-oriented (e.g. coffee, cocoa beans, tea, vanilla) exhibit weaker or negligible
water-price links. These variations may be ascribable to specific market dynamics related to the two
product groups. Staple crops are often produced in markets where many producers have more
space for price setting and may have an incentive to include also the value of water in the final crop
price. In contrast, cash crops are cultivated in situations where few producers are ‘price takers’ with
respect to the international market. This mechanism may decrease the influence of the water used
on crop farm gate price composition. The understanding of different water impacts on crop prices
may be useful for increasing efficiency in water allocation and governance decisions, with the aim
of improved environmental sustainability in this domain
WATER CONSUMPTION AND CROP PRICES: AN EXPLANATORY GLOBAL DATA-DRIVEN STUDY
Full text linkWe analyze the farm-gate prices of twelve representative crops in 1991-2016, considering data from 162 countries. The association between crop price and unit water footprint is investigated, also accounting for the country’s water scarcity and of the land footprint as possible confounding factors. We find that prices of staple crops (e.g. wheat, maize, soybeans, and potatoes) seem to embed the amount of water used for their production. Differently, food products whose production is more export-oriented (e.g. coffee, cocoa beans, tea, vanilla) exhibit weaker or negligible water price links. These variations may be ascribable to specific market dynamics related to the two product groups
Water to Food : A data-viz book about the water footprint of food production and trade
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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