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Douglassia antillensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Douglassia antillensis</i>, new species <p>(Plate 58)</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia thea</i> auct. non (Dall, 1884), is a misidentification by Pointier & Lamy (1998: 159, text photos [Guadeloupe specimen]) and by Massemin <i>et al.</i> (2009: 204, right text photo [Martinique specimen]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> auct. non <i>perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939): Williams (2005; 2009: species 1524, second photo from right only); Jong & Coomans (1988: 112 [Not pictured but may be this species on the basis of their description.]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryi</i> [sic] Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Altena (1975: 62, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4, [off Suriname]) may be this species.</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryae</i> Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Rios (1975: 132, pl. 40, fig. 593, [off Amapá, Brazil]) may be this species.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 12.1 x 5.1 mm (USNM 1291338); 19 paratypes, all from the type locality: 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 5.1 & 11.2 x 4.6 mm (ANSP 464988); 3 spec., 11.4 x 4.7, 10.5 x 4.7 & 9.9 x 4.4 mm (USNM 129339); 3 spec., 11.5 x 4.9, 12.7 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm (UF 496637); 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 5.0 mm (MZSP 122064); 3 spec., 11.2 x 4.7 & 12.1 x 4.9 & 11.6 x 4.8 mm (MNRJ 34636); 3 spec., 12.0 x 5.0, 12.3 x 5.2 & 12.1 x 4.9 (BMSM 14988); 1 spec. 11.5 x 4.8 mm (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). All G. Mackintosh! 17, 22 May 1998.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Dragon’s Bay, Grenada, in 24– 26 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 188 specimens were examined: <i>E Florida:</i> 1 spec., 17.7 x 7.0 mm, off Bath & Tennis Club, Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., McGinty! 22 May 1951 (UF 228880); 1 spec., 16.1 x 6.9 mm, in 55 m, off Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co, McGinty! 14 Mar 1950 (UF 155623). <i>Bahama Is:</i> 1 spec. 10.3 x 4.5 mm, in 27 m, Gold Rock, Grand Bahama I. (USNM 900127); 1 spec., 9.8 x 4.2 mm, Tamarind, Grand Bahama I. (26°30'45''N, 078°36'00''W) J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368904); 5 spec., 4.8 x 2.3, 5.7 x 2.9, 6.7 x 3.3, 7.0 x 3.6 & 9.5 x 4.5 mm, Grand Bahama I., 26°31'00''N, 078°46'30''W, J Worsfold! (ANSP 374454); 1 spec., 8.7 x 4.3 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°43'N, 079°01'W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 355578); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°42'45”N, 078°39'15”W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366924); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.7 & 12.7 x 5.5 mm, in 20–21 m, off Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera I., P. Fallon! 11 Aug 1999 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.6 x 6.1 & 14.7 x 6.0 mm, in 18 m, 2.4 km S of Cape Eleuthera Harbor, Eleuthera I., R. Masino! 5 Jun 2002 (author’s coll.). <i>Turks & Caicos Is:</i> 1 spec., 14.7 x 5.8 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (USNM 900125); 1 spec., 15.8 x 6.2 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (UF 355565); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 (proto missing) & 12.8 x 5.4 mm, in 14 m, Turks I., W. Harland! Jun 1989 (UF 470274). <i>Cuba.</i> 2 spec., 13.8 x 5.8 & 12.3 x 5.0 mm, in 18 m, Chorrera Sands, Havana, J. Finlay! (UF 156037). <i>Dominican Republic:</i> 1 spec., 14.1 x 6.5 mm, Las Salinas (USNM 900128). <i>Puerto Rico:</i> 4 spec., 15.0 x 5.9, 13.2 x 5.5, 13.2 x 5.7 & 11.8 x 5.0 mm, in 30 m, Tourmaline Reef, Mayaguez, G. Mackintosh! (author’s coll.). <i>Honduras:</i> 2 spec., 13.6 x 5.9 mm (author’s coll.) & 12.2 x 4.7 mm (USNM 900132), in 12 m, Vivorillo Cays, Bay Is., G. Mackintosh! 12 Aug 1992. <i>Antigua:</i> 2 spec., 14.5 x 6.1 & 13.9 x 5.8 mm, in 9 m, Pelican Bay, Barbuda I. (USNM 900123). <i>Guadeloupe:</i> 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 15 m, Vieux-Fort (USNM 900124); 1 spec., 11.3 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Deshaies, G. Duffy! 12 Oct 1982 (UF 470273); 77 spec., 2.8–14.0 mm (avge. = 6.22 mm), in 5–60 m, at 31 KARUBENTHOS stations, May 2012 (cataloged between MNHN IM-2012-28027 and -28063), and in addition, the following 5 live-taken spec., tabularized below, listing barcode accession numbers for sequenced specimens (others preserved in alcohol):</p> <p> <i>Martinique:</i> 4 spec., 9.6 x 4.4, 10.0 x 4.4, 10.6 x 4.8 & 12.3 x 5.1 mm, in 14–18 m, Grande Anse d'Arlet, G. Mackintosh! 13–14 May, 2002 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 11.1 x 5.3 & 9.0 x 4.1 mm, in 5 m, Anse d’Arlet (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 2 spec.; 9.8 x 4.0 & 10.3 x 4.5 mm, Pointe Baleine (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 9 m, Ramiers I., G. Mackintosh! 26 Jun 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec. <i>St. Vincent & the Grenadines:</i> 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Petit Nevis I., (USNM 900131); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.6 mm, in 12 m, Petit Nevis I., G.</p> <p> Mackintosh! 13 May 1993 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.2 x 5.0, 11.9 x 4.7, 12.1 x 5.2, 13.2 x 5.7 & 13.0 x 5.5 mm, in 9 m, N Point, Chatham Bay, Union I., SVG, G. Mackintosh! 16 Apr 2007; 2 spec., 10.7 x 4.4 & 10.8 x 4.6, in 32 m, SW Point, Union I., G. Mackintosh! 13 Apr 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.7 x 5.8 & 11.1 x 4.8 mm, in 21 m, Chatham Bay, Union I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.). <i>Grenada:</i> 11 spec., 13.4 x 5.4, 10.8 x 4.4, 10.9 x 4.6, 10.3 x 4.3, 9.4 x 4.2, 11.1 x 4.7, 11.2 x 5.0, 11.1 x 4.8, 12.8 x 5.4, 12.2 x 5.3 & 12.4 x 5.1 mm, in 12–14 m, N end of Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh! 15 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 20 m, Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh!, 7 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 4 spec., 12.1 x 4.9, 11.5 x 5.0, 12.1 x 5.0 & 10.8 x 4.6 mm, in 12 m, Flamand Bay (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.7 x 5.7, 11.5 x 4.9, 10.9 x 4.9, 11.8 x 4.9 & 9.6 x 4.1 mm, in 7 m, S side Moliniere Pt., G. Mackintosh! 25 Jan 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 10.6 x 4.5 & 10.6 x 4.6 mm, in 18 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 15 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 16.0 x 6.8, 12.5 x 5.3, 14.0 x 5.8, 13.6 x 5.3, 13.1 x 5.4 & 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 8 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 14 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 9 m, NW coast of Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 19 Dec 2006 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 14.6 x 5.7 mm, in 15 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 17 Jun 1998 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 13.6 x 5.6 mm, in 7 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 7 May 2005 (UF 470275); 1 spec., 14.0 x 5.8 mm, in 11 m, Saline I., G. Mackintosh! 1 Feb 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Barbados:</i> 1 spec., 9.5 x 4.2 mm, in 139 m, offshore, Blake expedition (MCZ 7072); 1 spec., 16.0 x 6.9 mm, in 183 m, off St. James, F. Sander! 1978. (UF 470276); 2 spec., 11.5 x 5.2 & 11.5 x 4.9 mm, in ca. 180 m, off Holetown, St. James Par., 13°10'52''N, 059°38'30''W, F. Sander! Oct 1978 (ANSP 353510). <i>Netherlands Antilles:</i> 1 spec., 10.9 x 4.9 mm, from old bottle at 130–168 m, Sta. 1 off Sea Aquarium, SW Curaçao, 12°04.87'N, 68°53.75'W, M. Harasewych! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, 23 May 2012 (USNM 1199822 [to be split from <i>D.enae</i>]); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.9 mm, in 244–274 m, Sta. 13-04 off Sea Aquarium, Bapor Kibra, Willemstad, Curaçao, C. Baldwin! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, Feb 2013 (USNM 1231396). <i>Trinidad & Tobago:</i> 2 spec., 12.9 x 5.3 & 10.2 x 4.4 mm, in 24 m, 0.4 km off Lambeau Beach, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 3 spec., 14.9 x 6.1, 12.8 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm, in 21 m, 0.4 km ENE of beach, Speyside, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.7 mm, in 17 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., P. Fallon! 11 Nov 1999 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.4 mm, in 30 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., G. Mackintosh! 20 Oct 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Venezuela:</i> 1 spec., 15.0 x 6.5 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I., G. Mackintosh! 27 Sep 1993 (author’s coll.); 1 spec. 12.8 x 5.3 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I. (USNM 900129). <i>French Guiana:</i> 3 spec., 15.1 x 5.6, 2.4 x 1.4 & 2.7 x 1.5 mm, in 57 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4408, 05°36.3'N, 52°09.2'W, 10 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 3.3 x 1.6, 3.8 x 2.0, 4.8 x 2.3 & 5.0 x 2.5 mm, in 102–103 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4390, 05°49'N, 51°28'W, 6 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 83–85 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4383, 06°25.6' N, 52°25.3'W, 4 Aug 2014 (MNHN IM-2012- 43469); 1 spec., 5.6 x 2.6 mm, in 95 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. DW4359, 06°52.2'N, 53°02.6'W, 30 Jul 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 2.3 x 1.2, 3.5 x 1.9, 4.2 x 2.0 & 4.7 x 2.2 mm, in 95–97 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4402, 06°18'N, 52°13.3'W, 8 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> E Florida (off Palm Beach Co.); Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Eleuthera I.); Turks & Caicos Is.; Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; Honduras (Vivorillo Cays); Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent & the Grenadines; Granada; Barbados; Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.); Venezuela (Tortuga I.); Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao I.); and French Guiana. Specimens reported as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> in Jong & Coomans (1988: 112) are believed to be this species on the basis of a photograph of a specimen from Curaçao I. provided by M. Faber (pers. comm. 22 Apr 2011). <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is associated with coral reefs and has been reported from 7–32 m depths on carbonate sand or carbonate sand and coral rubble in reef swales or pockets. Only dead-collected specimens occur at greater depths from off Palm Beach Co. (55 m), from off Barbados (128– 183 m), off Curaçao (244–274 m), and off French Guiana (57–103 m), perhaps transported there from shallower depths by currents.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 17.7 mm), stoutly fusiform, glossy, truncated anteriorly, whorls up to 11, but more commonly around 9; last whorl approximately 63% of total length; whorls convex with bulging ribs; shell apex acutely pointed. <i>Protoconch</i> conical, of approximately 2½–2¾ glassy, smooth whorls, the exact number difficult to determine because the tip of the first is partially immersed in the second; color golden brown. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of prominent convex ribs, obsolete or absent in sulcus, most prominent and widest on whorl periphery a little below mid-whorl, and evanescent on the shell base below periphery. Rib crests round at whorl periphery but ridged in the sulcal region where ribs are narrower and slightly hooked to the left reflecting outline of anal sinus. Ribs number 8–9 on penultimate and 5–7 on the body whorl to the varix. Axial growth striae present on shell surface, curved in the region of the anal sulcus. <i>Varix</i> located just behind the anal sinus and resembles a cup handle when viewed ventrally. <i>Anal sinus</i> on shoulder adjacent to suture, deep, U-shaped, offset from the shell axis by parietal callus; edge of inner lip of sinus flared. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of fine threads or ridges, barely visible below the periphery of last whorl, becoming stronger anteriorly on base and anterior fasciole. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, projecting out from the varix; with an irregular axial fold or thin axial rib; edge flexed out at anal sinus, waved below; with a shallow stromboid notch. <i>Inner lip</i> wide, margined, thick anteriorly, thinner on parietal wall, with a thick callus that forms one side of the anal sinus. Lip and callus edge raised by visible layers of successive deposition, especially in more mature specimens. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, open, unnotched, slightly curved to the right viewed ventrally, canal tip with a slightly flared marginal lip. Anterior fasciole not swollen; with about 6 faint spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> shell base dingy white, with a light to dark golden brown band just below body whorl periphery, visible as a narrow band at spire sutures; rib crests dingy white; band’s posterior edge fades to the shell’s base color; the anterior edge is more distinct.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has all the key characteristics of the genus: a concave sulcus with obsolete or absent ribs, a 2½- to 2¾-whorl protoconch, spiral microsculpture confined to the base, and a cuphandle-like varix positioned immediately behind the anal sinus. It is the commonest <i>Douglassia</i> in the Antilles, often misidentified as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939) in museum collections. Many of the published reports of <i>C. perryae</i> from outside of Florida are also likely this species but cannot be confirmed without accompanying photographs. A list of reports of <i>C. perryae</i> that are likely this species is given in the synonymy list under that species. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average total length of 210 measured specimens is 9.72 mm (2.8–17.7 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 0.449. Given its relatively wide dispersal, it is fairly uniform in its morphology and color pattern, although there are some regional differences in color—those from the northern limit of its distribution, e. g. Grand Bahama I., appear to be lighter in color, and those from the southern limit (French Guiana) a mostly solid orange-brown color with white rib crests. Specimens are shown from various localities in Plate 58. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Douglassia antillensis</i> most closely resembles <i>D. enae</i> Bartsch, 1934 but differs principally in possessing less angular shoulders, most conspicuously on the last whorl. It also differs in coloration; the central band in <i>D. antillensis</i> tends to be less distinct on its adapical (posterior) margin, and its protoconch is dark, similar to the color of the band. <i>Douglassia enae</i> has a more distinct adapical margin on its central band, and a light colored protoconch. Although their ranges overlap, <i>D. antillensis</i> is reported from shallower water. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is often misidentified as <i>C. perryae</i> but is stouter, has 2½–2¾ protoconch whorls, not 1¾–2, and a slightly different color pattern. Because it is stouter, its W/ L ratio is greater (Average W/L = 0.449 for 210 specimens of <i>D. antillensis</i> versus 0.392 for the 17 specimens of <i>C. perryae</i>). The color pattern of <i>D. antillensis</i> is consistent among specimens, even across its much larger range than <i>C. perryae</i>. The latter varies in pattern; i.e., the central band is more variable in width, or even absent. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> differs from <i>D. moratensis</i>, new species in having less convex body whorl, less prominent ribs on the shoulder, and a different color pattern. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has also been confused with <i>C. thea</i> (Dall, 1884), but that species’ spire is taller, color a uniform brown, and ribs shorter and more oblique.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Antillean <i>Douglassia</i>. Although not strictly confined to the Antilles, <i>D. antillensis</i> appears to be quite common and widespread in this region, especially in the Windward Is.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 130-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
A mineral extract from red algae ameliorates chronic spontaneous colitis in IL-10 deficient mice in a mouse strain dependent manner
No full textSplendrillia bahamasensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i>, new species <p>(Plates 144, 145)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 16.2 x 6.2 mm (USNM 1291354); 24 paratypes, all from the type locality: 12 spec., 20.4 x 7.8, 16.1 x 6.2, 11.7 x 5.3 & 12.6 x 5.0 mm (USNM 1291355), 14.2 x 5.6, 16.6 x 6.5, 14.0 x 6.0 & 15.1 x 6.0 mm (ANSP 464994), 15.6 x 6.2, 14.2 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7 & 15.9 x 6.3 mm (UF 496645), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 2 spec., 15.6 x 5.9 mm (BMSM 14994) & 15.5 x 6.1 mm (BMSM 14992), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 3 spec., 12.3 x 4.9 & 12.5 x 4.9 mm (BMSM 14993) & 14.9 x 5.6 mm (BMSM 14995), NW side of Elbow Cays; 7 spec., 6.9 x 3.2, 7.6 x 3.4 & 7.8 x 3.4 mm (DMNH 240358), 9.8 x 4.1, 12.0 x 5.0, 12.0 x 5.2 & 14.8 x 5.7 mm (MZSP 122071), NW side of Elbow Cay. All types G. Mackintosh! Jan–Feb 1996.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Elbow Cays, Cay Sal Bank, Bahama Is., at 9– 12 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 84 specimens were examined, all from the Bahama Is.: <i>Grand Bahama I.:</i> 1 spec., 8.6 x 4.4 mm, in 3.7–5 m, S end, Wood Cay, P. Fallon!, 13 Jul 2000 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 10.5 x 4.6 mm, off E side of Freeport Harbor inlet, 26°31'00"N, 078°46'30"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 374479); 7 spec., 2 largest: 11.5 x 4.3 & 11.9 x 5.1 mm, on algae covered rocks Freeport Dist., West End, 26°41'N, 078°58'W, J. Worsfold!, 1981 (ANSP 355569); 1 spec., 6.6 x 2.9 mm, in beach drift, West End, Bob Quigley! 1985 (H.G. Lee coll.); 8 spec., 6 largest: 11.8 x 5.1, 12.0 x 4.6, 9.4 x 3.6, 8.5 x 3.2, 9.4 x 4.0 & 14.2 x 5.3 mm, in 0–0.3 m, Settlement Pt., 26°42'15"N, 078°59'50"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368585); 1 spec., 9.4 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Indian Cay, 26°42'45"N, 078°39'15"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366925); 14 very young specimens, 2 measured: 7.0 x 3.0 & 8.5 x 3.5 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 26°30'00''N, 078°22'00''W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 369705); 5 spec., 4.3 x 2.5, 7.5 x 3.2, 8.1 x 3.5, 8.5 x 3.8 & 9.1 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 20 mi E of Freeport, 26°35'N, 078°22'W, J. Worsfold! 1981 (ANSP 355563); 5 spec., 6.4 x 2.6, 9.4 x 4.0, 3.8 x 2.9, 8.7 x 3.7, & 4.3 mm, in 18–38 m, Lucaya, 26°29'45"N, 078°37'15"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 368081, 368082). <i>Bimini Is.:</i> 1 spec., 12.8 x 4.8 mm, in 1.8 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 26 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.1 x 5.4 (author’s coll.) & 12.8 x 4.9 (USNM 900130) mm, in 4 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 7 Apr 1994; 7 spec., 6 measured: 14.4 x 5.4, 13.9 x 5.4, 13.0 x 5.0, 10.1 x 4.1, 11.8 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 4.3 mm, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., McGinty! 21 May 1947 (UF 155958). <i>Berry Is.:</i> 1 spec., 10.0 x 4.2 mm, in 0.9 m, Hoffmans Cay, Pat Bingham! 20 Jun 1998 (H.G. Lee coll.). <i>Exuma Cays:</i> 4 spec., 10.4 x 4.6, 10.2 x 3.9, 11.3 x 4.5 & 11.6 x 5.0 mm, Ship Channel Cay, H. Dodge! (USNM 598737). <i>Cay Sal Bank:</i> 2 spec. 11.7 x 4.9 and 14.6 x 6.2 mm, in 9.8–11 m, E side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh!, 15, 22 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 17 spec., 11.8 x 5.1, 12.9 x 5.3, 13.7 x 5.6, 13.5 x 5.5, 12.8 x 5.4, 13.5 x 5.4, 14.4 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7, 15.1 x 5.8, 14.8 x 6.0, 15.7 x 5.8, 15.5 x 6.1, 15.6 x 6.4, 16.4 x 6.4, 16.5 x 6.3, 16.2 x 6.2 & 13.7 x 5.5 mm, in 10 m, W side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh! 24 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.5 mm, in 11 m, Cay Sal, G. Mackintosh!, 21 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.); 6 spec., 9.5 x 4.4, 10.2 x 5.5, 14.5 x 5.9 (all decollate) & 16.6 x 6.6 (author’s coll.), 9.2 x 4.2 & 9.2 x 4.3 (USNM 900111) mm, in 9 m, NW side of Elbow Cay, G. Mackintosh! 11 Jan 1966.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Bimini Is.; Berry Is.; Exuma Cays, and Cay Sal Bank). Reported from shallow sandy bottoms and on hard surfaces in approximately 2– 24 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 20.4 mm); fusiform, truncated anteriorly; glossy, whorls appressed, with sloping shoulders, convex below; body whorl large compared to the spire, 62.0% of total length. <i>Protoconch</i> paucispiral, of approximately 2 smooth round whorls, the tip of the first partially submerged; the second larger than the first. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of broad low ribs, crests of most ribs rounded anteriorly, becoming narrower near the sulcus then terminating at sulcus; evanesce on shell base. Ribs slightly oblique on early whorls, but progressively less so to body whorl; absent between the varix and edge of outer lip; about as wide as their interspaces. Ribs 8 on penultimate (6–10), 6 to varix on body whorl (4–8 on specimens with a varix). Heavy, compact growth striae cover shell surface. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of microscopic spiral lines overall, mostly obscured by dense striae; with weak spiral ridges on the anterior fasciole. <i>Sulcus</i> broad, slightly concave, about ¼ spire whorl height, with trace swellings of reduced ribs. <i>Varix</i> broader and higher than preceding ribs, positioned about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Outer lip</i> smooth, thick, juts out somewhat and flexed inward at its edge; a slight indentation present anteriorly suggests a stromboid notch. <i>Anal sinus</i> moderately deep in mature individuals, adjoins suture near back of sinus, behind parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> very thin, not margined, except in old shells; erect anteriorly near tip of canal, thin on parietal wall, ends in a low callus at suture line. <i>Anterior canal</i> short but distinct, open, notched. <i>Columella</i> slightly twisted to the left anteriorly viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen. <i>Color</i> white with light pink to rose-colored bands mid-whorl and anteriorly; dark rose-colored streaks between ribs, and on apertural side of varix. Other forms are patterned similarly with brownish orange, or a combination of brownishorange and rose; all white forms also occur.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> has all the important characteristics of <i>Splendrillia</i>: a smooth sulcus, axial ribs that terminate at the sulcus, a hump-like varix located about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip, and an anal sinus that adjoins the suture at its rear. It is unique among <i>Splendrillia</i> in possessing heavy growth striae. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average length of 85 specimens is 12.24 mm (3.8–20.4 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 54 measured specimens is 0.413. Although color varies, no geographic pattern in the occurrence of pink or brownish orange forms could be discerned. All-white (dingy white) forms are rare. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is commonly misidentified as <i>S. coccinata</i> (Reeve, 1845) by collectors and in museum collections; perhaps hampered by the absence of a published photograph of a <i>S. coccinata</i> type. Authors including the Bahama Is. in the range of <i>S. coccinata</i> have probably misidentified this species; the occurrence of verified specimens of <i>S. coccinata</i> is limited to the lower Lesser Antilles (see description of <i>S. coccinata</i>). <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is most easily distinguished from its congeners by its heavy growth striae. It also differs from <i>S. coccinata</i> by its larger maximum total length (20.4 versus 10.0 mm), straighter and fewer ribs. <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is also larger than <i>S. interpunctata</i> (largest 20.4 versus 16.5 mm). The ribs of <i>S. interpunctata</i> are narrower, more oblique, and sharper at their crests. While growth striae are noticeably present in <i>S. interpunctata</i>, they are not as dense so the shell still appears translucent, which is not the case for <i>S. bahamasensis</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Bahamas <i>Splendrillia</i>. Named for the country of the type locality and where all specimens reported here have been found.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 283-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
The Schistosoma granuloma: friend or foe?
No full textInfection of man with Schistosoma species of trematode parasite causes marked chronic morbidity. Individuals that become infected with Schistosomes may develop a spectrum of pathology ranging from mild cercarial dermatitis to severe tissue inflammation, in particular within the liver and intestines, which can lead to life threatening hepatosplenomegaly. It is well established that the etiopathology during schistosomiasis is primarily due to an excessive or unregulated inflammatory response to the parasite, in particular to eggs that become trapped in various tissue. The eggs forms the foci of a classical type 2 granulomatous inflammation, characterized by an eosinophil rich, CD4+ T helper (Th) 2 cell dominated infiltrate with additional infiltration of alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Indeed the sequela of the type 2 perioval granuloma is marked fibroblast infiltration and development of fibrosis. Paradoxically, while the granuloma is the cause of pathology it also can afford some protection, whereby the granuloma minimizes collateral tissue damage in the liver and intestines. Furthermore, the parasite is exquisitely reliant on the host to mount a granulomatous reaction to the eggs as this inflammatory response facilitates the successful excretion of the eggs from the host. In this focused review we will address the conundrum of the S. mansoni granuloma acting as both friend and foe in inflammation during infection
Helminth-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecules
No full textInfection of man with parasitic helminths leads to potent activation and modulation of the host immune response. This modulation of immunity by helminth infections may have bystander effects in altering, either suppressing or exacerbating, unrelated inflammatory processes. Various ongoing clinical trials are testing the therapeutic application of helminth infection of patients with inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and allergic disorders. Rather than the use of five helminth infection, with the potential for side effects, an alternative approach is to identify the immune modulatory molecules (IM) produced by helminths that can alter immune functions. In this review, we will focus on characterized helminth-derived IMs that may have potential to be developed as novel therapeutics for inflammatory diseases
Fenimorea mackintoshi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Fenimorea mackintoshi</i>, new species <p>(Plate 85)</p> <p> <b>Types.</b> Holotype 13.0 x 4.6 mm, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291349); 15 paratypes: 1 spec., 12.5 x 4.6 mm, from type locality, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291350); 13 spec: 13.7 x 5.1, 12.8 x 4.7, 13.9 x 5.1, 13.2 x 5.0 & 13.7 x 5.0 mm (ANSP 464990), 12.5 x 5.0, 13.4 x 4.8, 12.6 x 4.6, 13.4 x 5.2 mm (UF 496642), 12.3 x 4.6, 12.3 x 4.5, 12.3 x 4.4 & 15.3 x 5.5 mm (author’s coll.), in 6.4 m, S end of Highborne Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 17 Mar 1996; 1 spec., 14.9 x 5.9 mm, at 12 m, Start Bay, Mayaguana I., Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 18 Feb 1993 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> W side of Allen’s Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., in 6.4 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> 1 spec., 13.1 x 5.0 mm, at 3 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., G. Mackintosh! 8 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Gun Cay, Bimini Is.; Allan’s and Highborne Cays, Exuma; Mayaguana I.) in 3– 12 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 15.3 mm), fusiform, truncated anteriorly, to approximately 9 whorls; body whorl large compared to spire whorls, approximately 58% of total shell height. <i>Protoconch</i> of 2 smooth round whorls, the first only slightly smaller in diameter than second. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of weak, narrow ribs on first, strong on second and succeeding whorls, extending from suture-to-suture, abruptly narrowed, arcuate, and reduced in the sulcus, forming a distinct shoulder at the edge of the sulcus. Ribs about as wide or less than their interspaces; most slightly opisthocline overall, 12–13 on the penultimate whorl, 7–11 to the varix on the body whorl. Microscopic growth striae are present throughout, but finer compared with other members of the genus. <i>Varix</i> broad, hump-like, ⅓-turn back from edge of outer lip. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> consisting of a microsculpture of fine parallel jagged lines closely spaced in sulcus, more widely spaced anterior to the shoulder (approximately 4/mm on body whorl), together with fine axial striae that form shallow pits on shell surface. <i>Sulcus</i> wide, about ¼- to ⅓-whorl height; slightly convex with rib traces curved in an arc reflecting the outline of the anal sinus. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, smooth-edged, forming a gentle continuous curve from the anal sinus to the canal tip; strengthened by up to four irregular axial folds between the varix and edge of outer lip; not toothed but with small crenulations along its inside edge; stromboid notch shallow. <i>Anal sinus</i> deep, sinus angled away from the suture by a parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> margined; thickest on the anterior canal, thin in the parietal area, and forming a thick parietal callus near the junction with the outer lip. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, deeply channeled and notched; twisted to the left viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen, its surface marked by spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> an uneven brown with lighter and darker areas, except apex (protoconch and first teleoconch whorl), anterior fasciole, and distal end of anterior canal, which are white. Darker brown in a band on the top of the shoulder and between the ribs; rib crests and anterior halves of the whorls lighter brown. Some specimens have irregular patches of white or broken white bands.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Fenimorea mackintoshi exhibits all of the critical characteristics of <i>Fenimorea</i>: numerous ribs from suture-to-suture but transformed in the sulcus, surface microsculpture typical for the genus, and varix hump-like about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. It is unique for the genus in its coloration and in possessing a relatively narrow shell. <i>Variability.</i> The specimens vary little in color; some exhibit faint white bands on whorl shoulder or irregular patches, but otherwise quite uniform. The average length of 17 measured specimens is 13.23 mm (12.3–15.3 mm), their average W/ L ratio is 0.372. The specimens vary by only 3 mm in length, and are relatively slim for the genus. <i>Identification.</i> Specimens of <i>F. mackintoshi</i> first appear to be small or oddlycolored <i>F. f u ca t a</i> because of its similarity in shell sculpture and color; however, it differs in a number of ways. The protoconch whorls are more evenly sized, not tapering; the teleoconch is slenderer; the microscopic spiral lines are not as numerous and variable as in <i>F. f u c at a</i>; the axial growth lines are not as prominent; and the outer lip lacks projecting teeth. From <i>F. jongreenlawi</i>, new species and <i>F. caysalensis</i>, new species it differs in size, shell shape, shell microsculpture, and in coloration.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Gary Mackintosh’s <i>Fenimorea</i>. Named for Gary Mackintosh who collected all of the specimens studied here, and for the contribution to science his efforts have yielded.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Polymorphic light eruption and skin cancer prevalence: Is one protective against the other?
No full textBackground: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) interacts with chromophores in cutaneous cells with consequent antigenicity. The normal response to this is a downregulation of immune responsiveness. Failure of the immune system to downregulate and to ignore transient photoantigens in human skin results in polymorphic light eruption (PLE), the commonest of the photodermatoses. UVR initiates and promotes skin cancer (SC): UV-induced immunosuppression permits the expansion of UV-mutated clones of cells which ultimately lead to SC. Objectives: Because there is increased immune surveillance and resistance to immune suppression following UVR exposure in PLE one might expect a protective effect of PLE against SC and, conversely, a reduced risk of PLE among patients with SC. Methods: We therefore constructed a prospective case-control study to see if this were the case. Two groups were studied: a group comprising 214 patients with SC and 210 gender- and aged-matched controls, and a group comprising 100 patients with PLE and 155 gender- and aged-matched controls. Each participant answered a questionnaire aimed at establishing personal and family history of SC and photodermatoses. Skin type and exposure to UVR were also documented. Results: The prevalence of PLE in people with SC was 7.5%, compared with 21.4% for controls (P < 0.001). The prevalence of SC in patients with PLE was 4% compared with 7.1% for controls. Conclusions: Our results show (i) strong evidence of reduced PLE in patients with SC, and (ii) a trend for reduced SC in patients with PLE. The immunological basis of PLE may therefore confer protection against SC. © 2008 The Authors
Fenimorea glennduffyi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Fenimorea glennduffyi</i>, new species <p>(Plate 81)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 10.8 x 4.7 mm (UF 470307); 5 paratypes: 2 spec., 10.2 x 4.2 & 10.4 x 4.4 mm, from the type locality, G. Duffy! Apr 1985 (UF 470308); 2 spec., 11.9 x 4.9 & 11.8 x 4.8 mm, in 1.2 m, ca. 1.6 km E of Salinas Point, SW of Bani, Dominican Republic, E. García! Jan 1986 (EFG 7855); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.8 mm, in 0.9– 1.2 m, Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, G. Duffy! 15 Oct 1994 (USNM 1146305).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> One all-white spec., 9.6 x 4.5 mm, in 0.9–1.2 m, Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, G. Duffy! 15 Oct 1994 (USNM 1146597).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, at 0.6–1.2 m.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Dominican Republic (Las Salinas and vicinity). Reported live-taken from shallow water at 0.6–1.2 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 11.9 mm in total length), fusiform, anterior truncated, up to 8¼ slightly convex whorls, the last approximately 63% of total length; sculpture of axials, aperture narrowly oval. <i>Protoconch</i> of approximately 1¾–2 smooth round whorls. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of low narrow ribs that extend from suture-to-suture on spire whorls, evanesce just below periphery on last, number 11–12 on penultimate, 6–8 on last whorl. Ribs highest on shoulder, greatly reduced and slightly recurved in sulcus, then greatly reduced below periphery such that they appear almost knob-like. <i>Varix</i> low, broad and hump-like, about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of microscopic threads and more widely space shallow grooves. The threads are intersected by growth striae of about equal strength producing the typical pattern of aligned microscopic “pits”; grooves end in dimples or projections at outer lip’s edge. <i>Sulcus</i> about ⅓-whorl height, ribs convex; microsculpture present. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, flattened from varix, with several very low axial folds; edge of lip forms a flat arc from anal sinus to anterior canal; stromboid notch faint. <i>Anal sinus</i> a U-shaped notch near suture, entrance slightly constricted by parietal lobe. <i>Inner lip</i> narrow, recumbent, margined, pinched up on anterior canal, very thin on parietal wall, and formed into a lobe at anal sinus. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, open, notched; fasciole not swollen. <i>Color</i> off white with a central brown spiral band, a spiral band of intermittent brown patches in sulcus and over shoulder, and a large brown patch on varix.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Fenimorea glennduffyi has all the diagnostic characteristics of <i>Fenimorea</i>: ribs sutureto-suture but greatly reduced in the sulcus, microsculpture of very fine spiral threads and growth striae that show intervening pits and a large hump-like varix about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Variability.</i> The six type specimens have an average total length of 11.10 mm (10.2–11.9 mm) and an average W/ L ratio of 0.418. Nearly all-white forms occur (faint color appears on the varix). <i> <i>Identification.</i> Fenimorea glennduffyi</i> is closest to <i>F. caysalensis</i>, new species. It differs from that species in possessing shouldered whorls and fewer ribs (11–12 versus 12–16 on the penultimate whorl). An all-white form of <i>F. glennduffyi</i> (Fig. 8) originally from the same lot as the one depicted in Fig. 7 is very similar to <i>F. ni v al i s</i>, new species, of Brazil, but differs principally in possessing fewer ribs that are broader and have rounder crests. <i>Fenimorea glennduffyi</i> is also similar to <i>F. biminensis</i>, new species. It differs in being slightly more stout (W/L = 0.418 versus 0.395), and in possessing a narrow, not the wide, central spiral band of <i>F. biminensis.</i></p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Glenn Duffy’s <i>Fenimorea</i>. Named in honor of Mr. Glenn Duffy for his contribution of mollusks from the Dominican Republic for scientific study.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 173-174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Calliclava tobagoensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full textCalliclava tobagoensis, new species (Plate 18) Clathrodrillia tryonii auct. non (Dall, 1889): is a misidentification by Williams (2005; 2009: species 1546 [R photo pair only]) and likely this species. Type material. Holotype 11.3 x 4.3 mm (USNM 1291324); 56 paratypes: 5 [of a total of 11] spec., 11.5 x 4.4, 11.4 x 4.1, 10.7 x 4.0, 9.8 x 3.8 & 9.2 x 3.6 mm, from on soft carbonate and mineral sand, 0.8 km W of Pigeon Point, Tobago I., R. Masino! (UF 496633); 16 spec., 12.6 x 4.7, 12.7 x 4.9, 9.5 x 3.7, 10.3 x 3.9 & 10.5 x 4.0 mm (MNRJ 34640), 10.8 x 4.0, 8.8 x 3.4, 9.9 x 3.9, 11.2 x 4.2, 10.1 x 4.1, 9.7 x 3.7, 9.5 x 3.7, 11.8 x 4.4 & 12.8 x 4.8 mm (MZSP 122056), 10.2 x 3.9 & 10.2 x 4.2 mm (author’s coll.), in 23 m, 2.4 km NNW of Crown Pt., Store Bay, Tobago I., R. Masino!; 13 [of 21] spec., 12.5 x 4.8, 11.4 x 4.4, 11.2 x 4.3, 11.6 x 4.4 & 11.5 x 4.4 mm (USNM 1291325), 10.8 x 4.1, 11.7 x 4.2, 11.4 x 4.4, 11.7 x 4.4, 10.4 x 4.0, 11.1 x 4.2, 9.7 x 4.0 & 10.0 x 3.9 mm (ANSP 464982), in 10–30 m on silty fine sand, Store Bay, Tobago I., N. Deynzer!; 4 [of 6] spec., 9.5 x 4.1, 7.2 x 3.2 mm (BMSM 14986), 12.0 x 4.5 mm (BMSM 14984) & 11.6 x 4.7 mm (BMSM 14985), in 15–24 m, on silty fine sand, Store Bay, Tobago I., P. Fallon! 8, 11 Nov 1999; 2 spec., 10.0 x 4.1 & 9.5 x 3.8 mm, in 15–18 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., G. Mackintosh! Mar 2002 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Type locality. 2.4 km NNW of Crown Pt., Store Bay, Tobago I., Trinidad & Tobago in 23 m. Other material examined. An additional 18 specimens were examined: 2 spec., 10.9 x 4.5 & 9.8 x 4.0 mm, in 7–11 m, off Buccoo Point, Tobago, C.W. Sheafer! May 1958 (UF 156118); 14 spec., 11.4 x 4.8, 11.7 x 4.5, 11.1 x 4.5 & 11.0 x 4.7 mm (USNM 1291326), 11.1 x 4.6 mm (ANSP 464971), 10.1 x 3.9, 11.5 x 4.7 & 10.1 x 4.2 mm (ANSP 464981), 10.0 x 4.2, 10.6 x 4.3, 10.2 x 4.1 & 12.0 x 4.6 mm (MZSP 122055), 10.8 x 4.4 & 10.5 x 4.2 mm (author’s coll.), in 9 m, Maracas Bay, Trinidad I., G. Mackintosh! 8 Dec 2003; 1 spec., 11.9 x 4.6 mm, in 90–100 m, Nieuwpoort, Curaçao, T. McCleery! May 2004 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.); 1 spec., 12.0 x 4.5 mm, in 10–12 m, off Malmok Beach, Aruba, Neth. Antilles, M. Coltro!, Sep 2004 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Range and habitat. Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.; Trinidad I.); Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao; Aruba). Reported from on fine silty sands in a relatively sheltered bay in 9– 24 m. Description. Shell small (to 12.8 mm), fusiform, glossy, translucent between ribs and spiral threads; whorls convex, about 9 ¾ total, the last approximately 57 % of total length; sulcus present, about ¼-whorl height; principal sculptural element of ribs and spiral threads. Protoconch approximately 1 ¾– 2 ¼ whorls, a clearly visible carina arising about ¼-turn from the tip beginning mid-whorl, but is sub-peripheral beginning on 2 nd; the 2 nd whorl is wider than first teleoconch whorl, the protoconch appearing somewhat bulbous. Axial sculpture of numerous narrow, opisthocline ribs, suture-to-suture; recurved in sulcus and extending to anterior fasciole on last, 14–15 on penultimate, 10–13 on last whorl to varix or to varix crest where they often appear; rib interspaces much wider than ribs. Varix broad, hump-like, approximately ⅓-turn from edge of outer lip. Spiral sculpture of flattened threads, interspaces less than thread width, or alternatively, wide grooves evenly spaced creating the appearance of flattened threads, closer and narrower in sulcus; threads override axials giving them a somewhat nodulose appearance. Sulcus convex, with 4–6 closely packed spiral threads, together appearing like a wide subsutural fold. Outer lip flattened from varix to edge of lip thus projecting out from the curvature of the shell in apical view; with up to 5 axial folds; lip edge forms a flat arc from anal sinus to the stromboid notch, and is inflected at anterior canal, bent inward posteriorly. Stromboid notch deep, edge flared. Anal sinus deep, mid-way on whorl shoulder, U-shaped, entrance slightly constricted by callus on parietal wall; outward flare of sinus edge gives the appearance of being spout-like. Inner lip erect anteriorly where a chink forms between it and fasciole on older specimens, recumbent and wider on parietal wall, and formed into a lobe posteriorly; successive growth increments visible on edge of lip. Anterior canal open, moderately long, turned to the right when viewed ventrally; canal end upturned, and notched asymmetrically across its width. Anterior fasciole slightly swollen with spiral threads on surface forming a marginal ridge along its adapical edge. Color pink with light orange-yellow maculation between ribs in the sulcus; flesh-colored with light brown between ribs in the sulcus; brownish-pink with a whitish mid-whorl band and rib crests, sulcus and above suture darker, apex pink and a brown stain on the varix, or lavender pink with light brown between ribs in the sulcus and a brown-stained varix. Remarks. Taxonomy. Calliclava tobagoensis has all of the characteristics of the genus: numerous ribs that extend from suture-to-suture with a distinctly delineated sulcus, conspicuous spiral grooves (threads) across intercostal spaces, and a protoconch with both whorls carinate. Variability. The average total length of 54 specimens is 10.79 mm (7.2–12.8 mm) and their average W/ L ratio is 0.392. Specimens vary in color by locality (of examined specimens); those from Store Bay, Tobago I. are brownish-pink, have a whitish mid-whorl band and rib crests, darker sulcus, pink apex; and brown-stained varix. Those from Maracas Bay, Trinidad I. are lavender pink and have light brown between ribs in the sulcus, and a brown stained varix. Specimens from the latter locality are stouter than those from the former. The Trinidadian 14 have an average W/ L ratio of 0.406, compared to the slimmer W/ L ratio of 0.386 of the 39 Tobagoan specimens. These differences in color and form are not believed to merit their separation at species level, but further study is merited. Identification. Calliclava tobagoensis may be confused with Agladrillia rhodochroa (Dautzenberg, 1900), which is similar in size, color, and sculpture. The distinctions are that A. rhodochroa has a smooth almost translucent last whorl dorsum, without axials, the varix precedes the edge of the outer lip by about ½-turn, and has a “pinched” anterior canal, unlike the more even tapered one of C. tobagoensis. Calliclava tobagoensis is also similar to C. fasciata, new species but differs in being smaller, differently colored, and has some minor differences in shell morphology. The average total length of C. tobagoensis is 10.8 mm versus 16.70 mm for the larger C. fasciata. Calliclava tobagoensis has a fairly uniformlycolored shell with maculations in the intercostal spaces on whorl shoulders; C. fasciata has a white shell with a wide, mid-whorl spiral color band. From Calliclava vigorata, new species it differs in being smaller (average total length of 10.80 mm versus 14.08 mm), in possessing a narrower last whorl and an anterior canal that is straighter, not bent as much to the right as in C. vigorata, when viewed ventrally. Etymology. The Tobago Calliclava, named for the island in which its type locality is located.Published as part of Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26329
Syntomodrillia peggywilliamsae Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Syntomodrillia peggywilliamsae</i>, new species <p>(Plate 175)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 8.2 x 3.0 mm, G. Macintosh! 25 Sep 1997, ex P. Williams coll. (USNM 1291380). <b>Type locality.</b> Store Bay, Tobago I., Trinidad & Tobago, in 23 m.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Known only from the holotype.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> very small (8.2 mm in total length), narrowly fusiform, glossy, with numerous ribs and a moderately long anterior canal. Whorls 8¾, slightly convex with perimeters below mid-whorl, the last whorl approximately 57% of total shell length; sutures impressed. <i>Protoconch</i> of 2 round, translucent, expanding whorls; tip of first slightly impressed in second. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of ribs that run suture-to-suture on spire whorls and to anterior fasciole on last; ribs slightly opisthocline on spire whorls, and narrower and recurved on the shoulder. First teleoconch whorl with 9 narrow ribs, more convex than those on subsequent whorls; ribs 9 on penultimate, and 7 on last whorl to varix. Ribs wider than intercostal space; crests ridged. Growth striae present, fainter than spiral grooves. <i>Varix</i> strongly convex, higher and wider than adjacent ribs but aligned straight, not inclined, and positioned about ¼-turn from edge of outer lip; slightly recurved on shoulder. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of faint, barely perceptible spiral grooves on the last 3 teleoconch whorls, obsolete on rib crests and absent on shoulder near suture. Threads and ridges develop on anterior portion of base and are strongest on anterior fasciole. <i>Sulcus</i> absent; past positions of anal sinus indicated by the absence of intercostal grooves and slightly recurved ribs and growth striae. <i>Outer lip</i> flattened, with one strengthening axial fold on the regenerated outer lip of the type; edge of lip from anal sinus to anterior canal forms a low arc indented at stromboid notch. <i>Anal sinus</i> a deep notch with a round apex; sides slightly divergent; entire sinus directed laterally, spout-like. <i>Inner lip</i> erect anteriorly, recumbent on parietal wall, and detached and directed laterally along parietal side of anal sinus. Parietal callus weak. <i>Anterior canal</i> moderately long, open, turned slightly to the right at its end when viewed ventrally, notched asymmetrically; columella straight; fasciole with 9 spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> a light golden brown, with a broad, faint, white spiral band about mid-whorl.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Syntomodrillia peggywilliamsae has all of the principal characteristics of <i>Syntomodrillia</i>: a small, slender, glossy shell, moderately long anterior canal, axial ribs that extend from suture-tosuture, microscopic intercostal grooves, and a narrow, not hump-like, varix removed from the edge of the lip by ¼- to ⅓-turn. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Syntomodrillia peggywilliamsae</i> is very similar to <i>S. hesperia</i>, new species, <i>S. trinidadensis</i>, <i>new species</i>, and <i>S. stahlschmidti,</i> new species. It has more protoconch whorls than <i>S</i>. <i>hesperia</i> (2 versus 1½) and <i>S. trinidadensis</i> (2 versus 1¾), but fewer than <i>S</i>. <i>stahlschmidti</i> (2 versus 2½), and its central white band is more obscure than that of <i>S</i>. <i>stahlschmidti</i> <i>.</i> From <i>S. trinidadensis</i> it differs in being smaller and slimmer, and in possessing a protoconch with more whorls (2 versus 1¾). These four species are very similar in their gross morphology and probably stem from a common ancestor. However, protoconch whorl numbers suggest that speciation has occurred, which is possible given their geographic isolation on widely separated island localities.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Peggy Williams’ <i>Syntomodrillia</i>. Named in honor of Mrs. Peggy Williams for having contributed the specimen here described, and for her devotion to the collection and study of turrid families.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 339-340, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
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