7,518 research outputs found
Servizi per la non autosufficienza: un quadro regionale frammentato
No full textIl capitolo si occupa di un settore che dovrebbe veder determinare i fabbisogni standard. Si tratta in particolare dei servizi riconducibili a quella che viene generalmente definita, con la terminologia anglosassone, Long Term Care (LTC). La LTC comprende tutti gli interventi di natura sanitaria o assistenziale a favore delle persone anziane e/o disabili non autosufficienti, cioè non in grado di compiere, con continuità, gli atti quotidiani della vita senza un aiuto esterno.
L'area socio-sanitaria e assistenziale del sistema di welfare italiano sta assumendo una rilevanza crescente per via dell'aumento della domanda di prestazioni per le persone non autosufficienti e per gli anziani in generale, dovuto sia alle dinamiche demografiche in atto (l'invecchiamento della popolazione e il cambiamento della struttura delle famiglie) sia ai cambiamenti socio-economici (l'incremento della partecipazione femminile al lavoro) e culturali.
L'Italia è uno dei paesi europei in cui la popolazione sta invecchiando maggiormente, per via del rallentamento nei tassi di fertilità e dell'aumento dell'aspettativa di vita.
La LTC si caratterizza in Italia (ma anche negli altri paesi europei) per l'elevata frammentazione istituzionale, a causa della quale la titolarità e le fonti di finanziamento sono distribuite fra gli Enti Locali e le Regioni, con modalità differenti in relazione ai modelli istituzionali adottati dalle singole Regioni. Infatti, gli attori direttamente impiegati nell'erogazione dei servizi sociali sono i Comuni, le ASL, le Residenze Sanitarie Assistenziali (RSA) e l'INPS, ma nella programmazione e nel finanziamento dei servizi sociali sono coinvolti anche lo Stato, le Regioni e le Province. Inoltre, in Italia una quota rilevante della spesa per la LTC è finanziata dalle famiglie in via formale o informale.
Il capitolo si sofferma in particolare su tre Regioni che possono ritenersi paradigmatiche, rilevanti per dimensioni e completamente diverse sia dal punto di vista del mix d'offerta, che dei modelli istituzionali e di welfare sottostanti
I sistemi informativi della Pubblica Amministrazione
No full textPosizionare il contesto italiano rispetto alla realtà internazionale
Conoscere la architettura dei processi della PA e le caratteristiche dei principali processi di
erogazione di servizi a cittadini e imprese
Definire le componenti fondamentali di un sistema di eGovernment, dal punto di vista
organizzativo e tecnologico
Essere in grado di definire, anche genericamente, il flusso di un sistema di eGovernment
Illustrare le principali problematiche di progettazione e realizzazione di un sistema di eGovernmen
Iron site partitioning in clinopyroxene determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy: A new approach
No full textAbstract 3.3.d
Endogeneity and policy transfer in the Italian National Health Service
No full textThe concept of policy transfer may help to better reflect on policy processes. We used a well established policy transfer framework to review Italian health policy since the inception of the National Health Service in 1978, with a focus on the last two decades. We found that British and American policies (including policy instruments) have been widely referred to in the Italian debate and that transfer have been facilitated and mediated by policy experts and their epistemic communities. We also found that the framework suggested by Marsh and Dolowitz could be improved by revising the content of the two categories “ideas and attitude” and “ideology” because they cannot be adequately described by a process of transfer, and by introducing a specific category, possibly labelled “social technology or managerial technology”, to identify technical systems which incorporate codified knowledge and can be used for a variety of policy purposes. DRGs and accreditation systems would fall in this category.
Concerning the Italian case we found that British health policy exerted some relevant influence but that the main role of international reference has been to provide feasibility checks and legitimization of policies endogenously developed. The Italian case shows also the interaction between policy transfer at the national and regional level, with diffusion of policy innovations occurring directly (in leading regions) and indirectly (in regions that tend to react or follow domestic experiences rather than international ones)
Ritorno al Pireo. Alcune riflessioni sull'organizzazione urbana e sulla cronologia dell'impianto
No full textIn this paper the author discusses the town plan of Piraeus to shed further light on some aspects he already examined in a previous article (Longo 2008). Starting from the most recent archaeological data that were overlooked in some recent studies, and the literary and epigraphic documentation, the author attempts to capture the essential elements informing the development plan of Hippodamus of Miletus, viz., functionality and the likely pre-existence of the main street axes; the characteristics of the urban grid; a clear demarcation of public and private spaces; and the issue of the location of the two agorai mentioned in literary sources.
In questo contributo l’Autore riprende la discussione sull’urbanistica del Pireo chiarendo e precisando aspetti in parte già affrontati in un precedente articolo (Longo 2008). Partendo dai dati archeologici più recenti, poco valorizzati in alcune sintesi di questi ultimi anni, e dalla documentazione letteraria ed epigrafica, l’Autore cerca di cogliere gli elementi essenziali che sono alla base del progetto urbanistico di Ippodamo di Mileto: funzionalità e probabile preesistenza degli assi viari principali; caratteristiche della griglia urbana; netta delimitazione degli spazi pubblici e privati; cronologia dell’impianto; problema della localizzazione delle due agorai menzionate nelle fonti letterarie
Governing decentralization in health care under tough budget constraint: What can we learn from the Italian experience?
No full textIn many European countries, since the World War II, there has been a trend towards decentralization of health policy to lower levels of governments, while more recently there have been re-centralization processes. Whether re-centralization will be the new paradigm of European health policy or not is difficult to say. In the Italian National Health Service (SSN) decentralization raised two related questions that might be interesting for the international debate on decentralization in health care: (a) what sort of regulatory framework and institutional balances are required to govern decentralization in health care in a heterogeneous country under tough budget constraints? (b) how can it be ensured that the most advanced parts of the country remain committed to solidarity, supporting the weakest ones? To address these questions this article describes the recent trends in SSN funding and expenditure, it reviews the strategy adopted by the Italian government for governing the decentralization process and discusses the findings to draw policy conclusions. The main lessons emerging from this experience are that: (1) when the differences in administrative and policy skills, in socio-economic standards and social capital are wide, decentralization may lead to undesirable divergent evolution paths; (2) even in decentralized systems, the role of the Central government can be very important to contain health expenditure; (3) a strong governance of the Central government may help and not hinder the enforcement of decentralization; and (4) supporting the weakest Regions and maintaining inter-regional solidarity is hard but possible. In Italy, despite an increasing role of the Central government in steering the SSN, the pattern of regional decentralization of health sector decision making does not seem at risk. Nevertheless, the Italian case confirms the complexity of decentralization and re-centralization processes that sometimes can be paradoxically reinforcing each other. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
The Author and Authorship in the Internet Society. New Perspectives for Scientific Communication
No full textThe Internet is the most recent and relevant innovation in the field of
media communication, as well as the medium that reproduces most of the characteristics
of global society. In trying to describe contemporary society, we cannot
neglect the social implication of the web. Our assumption is that the evolution of
the Internet has led to problematic effects on the relevance of concepts such as
individuality, author, authorship and copyright, as commonly used up till now.
The first part of the article focuses on individuality as a means to describe individual
actors and social structures in the first modernity, paying particular attention
to the idea of the author as an individual in the field of intellectual products.
New communication forms online make the connection between the individuality
of the author and the text weaker and less recognizable. The second part develops
the theme of scientific knowledge in contemporary society, with regard to scholarly
authorship. The Internet has produced deep transformations in scholarly
publications. Technical and structural characteristics of the Internet suggest possibilities
for a reorganization of the scientific system towards the replacement of
authorship and reputation with innovative mechanisms of information processing
and selection
A simplified edge illumination set-up for quantitative phase contrast mammography with synchrotron radiation at clinical doses
No full textThis work presents the first study of x-ray phase contrast imaging based on a simple implementation of the edge illumination method (EIXPCi) in the field of mammography with synchrotron radiation. A simplified EIXPCi set-up was utilized to study a possible application in mammography at clinical doses. Moreover, through a novel algorithm capable of separating and quantifying absorption and phase perturbations of images acquired in EIXPCi modality, it is possible to extract quantitative information on breast images, allowing an accurate tissue identification. The study was carried out at the SYRMEP beamline of Elettra synchrotron radiation facility (Trieste, Italy), where a mastectomy specimen was investigated with the EIXPCi technique. The sample was exposed at three different energies suitable for mammography with synchrotron radiation in order to test the validity of the novel algorithm in extracting values of linear attenuation coefficients integrated over the sample thickness. It is demonstrated that the quantitative data are in good agreement with the theoretical values of linear attenuation coefficients calculated on the hypothesis of the breast with a given composition. The results are promising and encourage the current efforts to apply the method in mammography with synchrotron radiation
Ketanserin plus prostaglandin E1 (PGE-1) as intracavernosal therapy for patients with erectile dysfunction unresponsive to PGE-1 alone.
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