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Sull'ermeneutica giudiziaria
No full textLegal Hermeneutics and interpretation have been a constant subject of study and reflection in the passing of years and centuries.
The term translates the noun greek hermeneutics' ερμηνεία, which already appears in the dialogues of Plato, where the ερμηνευτική τήχνη is connected with the μαντική τήχνη (Plato, Statesman, 260D, but see the Ion 534e); Aristotle devotes a treaty, the Περi 'ερμηνείας.
Studies carried out it seems that the Greeks (in addition to Plato and Aristotle already mentioned, we also Xenophon and Plutarch), using all ερμηνεία to describe not only what we usually call interpretation, but also the equivalent of those showing as a statement, explanation, translation, expression of thought, elocution. Subsequently there has been an evolution of the concept of hermeneutics that ερμηνεία reduces its own content, possibly after translation in Latin interpretatio, our hermeneutics, that set as a synonym for interpretation, thus ending the play implies a more narrower than the original ερμηνεία’s polisemantis.
Humanity has always had issues before of interpretation, which has sought to give a solution, in different ways depending on the social and historical reality of the moment.
Today's interest in the issue of interpretation is not linked either to specific theological and religious motives, such as, for example, in the age of the Reformation, or the rejuvenating experience of historical consciousness, initiated by Romanticism.
One goal of this research project would be just to analyze the modification of the concept of interpretation over the centuries in trying to develop hypotheses that, taking into account the social reality of different historical periods compared, justifying this evolution, allowing us then to explore what the concept of hermeneutics the twenty-first century and the reasons that made it such.
The scope of the law and legal experience in its broadest sense is beginning a land where, in addition to religious and as philological - literary, the problem is hermeneutics to outline in all its relevance right from antiquity. Sporadic and occasional observations on the difficulties concerning the interpretation of the law and acts that, somehow, for it refers, are present already in the pre-Socratic and are then taken up by sophistry, by the classical thinkers and those Hellenistic. It is mainly by the Roman civilization characterized by a very keen sense for the sphere of law, that the juris hermeneutica takes root and grows up to become a more significant element of the experience Western hermeneutics.
With this research we compare the legal and philosophical hermeneutics, to be sure what has derived from the first and second thing, however, differentiates.
It might be interesting to note that the hermeneutic thought is present everywhere, both in Germany as in Italy, with considerable similarities but also differences, just would like to dwell on them more to understand what they are to be determined. Juridical interpretation of contemporary spoken
primarily in Germany where, in the second half of the sixties and early seventies, the Neue Hermeneutik exercise an intense fascination and significant effects in some important areas of legal thought in Germany. Just in these years have in fact developed in Germany by some current methodological indicated by the name of Wertungsjurisprudenz, with that of other juristische Hermeneutik, to which belong such jurists J. Esser, A. Kaufmann, W. Hassemer, M. Kriel, K. Larenz, F. Muller.
In Italy we could quote Betti, Gorla, Montanari, Zaccaria and many other authors whose thoughts we wish to compare with each other to give a more accurate picture possible of what we
might call the School hermeneutics.
In recent years we have witnessed the rapid and progressive impose the problem of interpretation as central to philosophical reflection. The interpretation is not to only understand the meaning of texts but also the very sense of reality. The hermeneutic approach has not stopped, it was rather widely in many other areas of culture and knowledge, outside of studies and investigation more properly philosophical, so it does not seem too bold to assert that the field is a contemporary of the thinkable now mostly marked b y t h e p r o b l e m o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
Having determined the strong presence of hermeneutics in contemporary thought, here is appropriate to limit theinquiry to the prerequisites that have most affected the development of hermeneutics legal grounds on which hermeneutics is so important in thinking about law. The distance between the generality of the standard and the particularity of the case is irrepressible, that requires a continuous integration of the right to realize it. The goal of hermeneutics is to reconstruct Sein and Sollen, theory and legal practice in a more realistic and satisfactory, whereas the law is an intermediate necessarily incomplete and transient, which is determined on the contribution of those who apply the law with help hermeneutics.
Hermeneutics is defined then by the legal recognition that the general and abstract rule structure reveals a necessarily incomplete, which can be interpreted only in the process of realization of the legal rule of interpretation in the decision of a case study. The problem then is a hermeneutical problem richtig (right) interpretation of the rule in view of the case.
Place par excellence of hermeneutics can only be the trial, the court has to talk to the parties but also the theory and practice in order to reach a solution. Ultimate goal of this research is to identify what hermeneutics means richtig solution of the case. The jury is the result of a series of prejudgments, results of pre-assessments and, therefore, by its nature, the truth obtained in the courtroom is indeed precarious and provisional, specific solution to each case.Se consideriamo il termine ermeneutica nel significato dallo stesso assunto in epoca contemporanea, possiamo dire che, con ermeneutica, indichiamo di solito almeno tre cose.
Innanzitutto possiamo riferirci a processi concreti di comprensione, all’esecuzione di compiti esegetici, cui alludiamo quando, ad esempio, diciamo che l’ermeneutica heideggeriana di Nietzsche privilegia gli scritti postumi, intendendo con ciò affermare che l’interpretazione di Heidegger si fonda soprattutto sugli scritti di Nietzsche pubblicati dopo la sua morte.
Possiamo pero anche alludere all’elaborazione di regole per l’esercizio dell’interpretazione, per il concreto svolgimento di quella che venne in passato definita l’ars interpretandi. Ne sono un esempio i quattro canoni stabiliti d a Emilio Betti nella sua Teoria generale dell’interpretazione.
Non da ultimo con il termine ermeneutica possiamo intendere, infine, quella dottrina filosofica che si propone di stabilire la natura, i caratteri, le condizioni e i limiti di ogni possibile comprendere cosi come tento nel secolo scorso Friedrich Schleiermacher e come dopo di lui fecero, sia pure in direzioni e con risultati diversi, Wilhelm Dilthey, Martin Heidegger, e, in tempi piu recenti, Hans Georg Gadamer.
La tripartizione ora descritta non rende, purtroppo, pienamente l’intreccio che, nella concretezza del processo interpretativo, si realizza tra i diversi momenti, ma ci aiuta quantomeno ad evidenziare l’evoluzione che la riflessione ermeneutica incontra nel corso della sua storia. Solo muovendo dalla concretezza dell’esperienza interpretativa si porra il problema di elaborare una serie di regole per consentire di risolvere le difficolta dell’ars interpretandi, mentre per giungere all’elaborazione di teorie filosofiche che si propongano di dare conto sul piano teorico dei diversi aspetti del compito interpretativo occorrera attendere fino ad una fase gia abbastanza avanzata dell’eta moderna.
L’ermeneutica come teoria e costantemente alla ricerca di una conferma, che pero puo venire solo dalla prassi, e piu precisamente da quel terreno esperienziale prodotto della giurisprudenza, della teologia e della filologia. La storia dell’ermeneutica e lunga.
Gia Dilthey aveva osservato, all’inizio del Novecento, come essa presentasse un susseguirsi di fulgori e decadenze.
L’ermeneutica si e sviluppata in modo significativo in alcune epoche storiche (nell’eta della Riforma o nel Romanticismo), per poi decadere in altre sino a scomparire dalla scena. E difficile ora dire se anche l’odierno ritorno in auge sia destinato ad essere presto soppiantato da altri interessi. E, tuttavia, importante notare che l’interesse odierno per l’ermeneutica risponde a sollecitazioni e bisogni di carattere fondamentalmente diverso da quelli che si imposero in altre epoche, venendo a configurare una situazione del tutto nuova.
Innanzitutto l’odierno interesse per la tematica interpretativa non appare legato ne a specifiche motivazioni di carattere teologico- religioso, come nell’eta della Riforma, ne alla rinnovatrice esperienza della coscienza storica, avviata dal Romanticismo. Oggi l’interesse per l’interpretazione
appare piuttosto connesso al nuovo ruolo assunto dal linguaggio nella cultura contemporanea. Nella filosofia della seconda meta del secolo scorso si e compiuta una “svolta linguistica” che sembra aver investito ogni aspetto ed ogni movimento teorico che abbia importanza nella riflessione
attuale. La filosofia del nostro tempo sembra aver posto al centro dell’attenzione il fenomeno del linguaggio.
Tale svolta ha determinato il rifiorire degli studi ermeneutici.
Negli ultimi anni abbiamo assistito al rapido e progressivo imporsi del problema dell’interpretazione come nodo centrale della riflessione filosofica. L’orientamento ermeneutico non si e fermato, si e invece esteso in molti altri settori della cultura e del sapere, ben all’esterno degli studi e dell’indagine piu propriamente filosofici, cosicche non pare troppo azzardato asserire che il campo contemporaneo del pensabile si trova oggi in buona parte segnato dal problema
ermeneutico.
Il significato ristretto di ermeneutica, come sinonimo di metodologia interpretativa del testo, e indubbiamente rimasto nelle formulazioni contemporanee, ma ha subito una sensibile estensione, che ha condotto l’ermeneutica ad assumere una vera e propria generalita filosofica,dimostrando cosi di non essere una semplice arte sussidiaria.
Cio che contraddistingue l'epoca moderna e la nuova consapevolezza che individua in modo chiaro il fulcro del problema ermeneutico: la necessita di colmare la distanza che separa passato e presente e futuro, ≪di legare nel compito interpretativo, immediatezza del presente e lontananza del
passato≫.
Per l’ermeneutica non si tratta tanto di vedere cio che e visibile, evidente, ma di scoprire cio che si cela dietro a quanto ci appare lapalissiano. Se questo e il presupposto, se ne deduce chiaramente che una comprensione immediata e esclusa. Ecco allora che si deve postulare il primato del fraintendimento. Il fraintendere, il non comprendere appieno e una condizione piu diffusa e normale dell’intendere. Esso costituisce un presupposto importante per l’universalizzazione dell’ermeneutica. Se, infatti, si assume che generalmente si capisce che cosa dicono gli altri, e che l’ermeneutica deve intervenire in casi dubbi, difficilmente si potrebbe sostenere che ogni nostro comprendere e anche interpretare. L’intera teoria ermeneutica dell’interpretazione si basa sulla relazione dialettica fondata sul linguaggio tra l’interprete e l’opera da interpretare.
Assodata la forte presenza dell’ermeneutica nel pensiero contemporaneo, e qui opportuno limitare l’indagine ai presupposti essenziali che hanno maggiormente inciso sullo sviluppo dell’ermeneutica giuridica. Se si vogliono formulare riflessioni sul diritto non si puo prescindere dall’ermeneutica. L’uomo e un animale sociale e per vivere in societa deve regolare il proprio operato sulla base di regole, che da un lato limitano la sua liberta ma dall’altro ne costituiscono il fondamento. Tali regole devono essere generali, astratte e, inoltre, devono risolvere le inevitabili antinomie pratiche che si vengono a creare. Si comprende come siano indispensabili una buona tecnica giuridica che le concilii, ed una riflessione aperta al mutare delle circostanze sociali.
L’ermeneutica e in grado di mostrare al metodo giuridico i suoi limiti e di consentirne il superamento indicando le condizioni generali del comprendere che lo producono e
soprattutto il suo effettivo connettersi con la prassi.
L’obiettivo dell’ermeneutica e proprio quello di ricomporre Sollen e Sein, teoria e prassi giuridica in un rapporto piu realistico e soddisfacente. E insopprimibile la distanza che separa la generalita della norma e la particolarita del caso concreto. Per concretizzare e quindi necessaria una continua
integrazione del diritto.La norma generale ed astratta rivela una struttura necessariamente incompiuta e transitoria che puo essere interpretata solamente nel procedimento ermeneutico di concretizzazione della norma giuridica all’interno della decisione di un caso pratico. E evidente come sia decisivo il contributo di chi applica il diritto. L’ermeneutica giuridica e definita quindi dal riconoscimento che la norma generale e astratta rivela una struttura necessariamente incompleta.
Il problema ermeneutico e un problema di richtig interpretazione della norma in vista del caso concreto. ≪La conoscenza del senso di un testo normativo e la sua applicazione al caso concreto non sono due atti separati ma un processo unico≫. Possiamo concludere che la realta giuridica e anche opera dell’interprete, essa e piu dinamica e complessa di qualunque precostituito schema normativo, essendo aperta alle aspettative ed alle esigenze di una societa in continua evoluzione. Si rivela pertanto insostituibile il ruolo ermeneutico del giudice che tende alla concretizzazione del diritto
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
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counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
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Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
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Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
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use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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