1,721,029 research outputs found
Indonesia in 1913 : Social Background of the Exile of the Threee Leaders of the Indische Partji (<Special Issue>The Formation of the Indonesian Nation : In Memory of the Late Professor Kenji Tsuchiya)
No full textこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。It is well known in the history of the nationalist movement in Indonesia that E. F. E. Douwes Dekker, Cipto Mangunkusumo and Suwardi Suryaningrat were exiled by the colonial government in September 1913 because of their "dangerous propaganda." The legal basis for their exile was not any specific law, such as one for regulation of the press, but the exorbitant rights vested in the Governor-General by the Regeringsreglement, the fundamental law of the colonial Indies. Suwardi's pamphlet "If I were a Dutchman, " and his article in the Expres in July 1913 were the immediate cause of the incident. The Expres was a daily paper in Dutch run by Douwes Dekker and the organ of the Indische Partij during the party's existence between September 1912 and March 1913. The outline of the affair and the contents of the pamphlet have been described and analyzed by the late Prof. Tsuchiya Kenji. It seems worthwhile, however, to point out a numbers of additional factors that formed the background to such an extreme reaction by the government. As such, this paper describes the critical social circumstances and public unrest of the time, in the years 1912 and 1913, such as natural disasters, the lack of rain in the rainy season, the widespread prevalence of the plagues of insects, the scarcity and high price of rice, the disturbances and clashes caused first by nationalistic Chinese and then by members of the Sarekat Islam and, last but not the least, the tremendous growth of the Sarekat Islam. Another important issue was the plan to publish Hindia Mulia (Expres Melayu), a Malay edition of the Expres. Using one page of the above-mentioned pamphlet, Cipto and Suwardi announced the publication of the daily from the middle of August 1913 and called for subscriptions. Now "the dangerous thought" of Douwes Dekker would not be limited to the Dutch press, but would be propagated by natives directly to native society. This seems to be the decisive factor that led the government to exile them
Reexamination of San-fo-ch'i : Change of Perspective of the Study on Early History of the Western Part of Insular Southeast Asia
Get PDFこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。San-fo-ch'i appears in Chinese source materials from the 10th to 15th centuries and has been almost unanimously identified with Srivijaya. It is, however, well known that Chinese records on San-fo-ch'i in the second half of the 11th century contain several explicit mistakes and other parts that seem incomprehensible. The accepted theory that the capital of Srivijaya moved from Palembang to Jambi around 1080 is based on interpretation of these documents. After reexamination of all the related Chinese records, I reached a fundamentally different understanding on what San-fo-ch'i is in Chinese source materials. Concerning Ti-hua-chia-lo who sent tributary mission to China in 1077, and who was recorded as ruler of Cola on one hand and as ruler of San-fo-ch'i on the other, my conclusion is, without excluding any information from source materials as mistaken, that he represented the Cola power in San-fo-ch'i and that as such he was the ruler of San-fo-ch'i at the same time. The dominance of Cola in the San-fo-ch'i area seems to have been established through a great expedition to the area mounted in 1025, which is recorded in the so-called Tanjore inscription. His residence seems to have been at Kedah. And the seemingly mysterious descriptions of San-fo-ch'i-Chan-pi (San-fo-ch'i-Jambi) as a tributary state in 1079 and 1082 and of San-fo-ch'i-Chou-lien (San-fo-ch'i-Cola) also as a tributary state in 1082 can be explained if, by analogy with Ta-shih, which is a general name for Arab or East Asian countries, San-fo-ch'i is understood as a general name for countries in a particular area. Thus I conclude that San-fo-ch'i should be regarded not as a single polity or empire, like Srivijaya of the 7th and 8th century, which can safely be identified with Chinese Shih-li-fo-shih of Tang times, but as a general name for countries on the east coast of Sumatra and in the central and southern parts of the Malay Peninsula. San-fo-ch'i can be identified with Zabaj of Arab records, which includes Kalah (Kedah), Ramni (Aceh), Sribuza (Palembang?) and so on. This conclusion raises new problems hitherto unconsidered, some of which are mentioned in the last part of this paper
A Socio-Political History of the Indo-Europeans in Colonial Indonesia: Discord between the Territorial Principle and Blood Orientation(<Special Issue>Social History of Colonial Cities in the Netherlands Indies: Europeans, Eurasians, and Boemipoetera)
No full textこの論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。In 1912 and 1913, the Indische Partij propagated not only Indies nationalism and independent "national existence" based on the territorial principle but also Indies citizenship, that is, equal citizenship for all persons who recognized the Indies as their fatherland, regardless of race, class, sex or ethnicity. The party had attracted strong support among the Indo-Europeans, that is, people of mixed native and the European blood. But after the government refused to recognize the party as legal organization and exiled three of its leaders to the Netherlands, the once-enthusiastic support disappeared without leading to social disorder. In 1919, the Indo-Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Union) or IEV was established and soon developed into the leading organization of Indo-Europeans. The IEV, strongly oriented to the European blood, aimed to promote the social and economic interests of Indo-Europeans as a component of Dutch society in the Indies. This change meant that Indo-Europeans abandoned Indies nationalism based on the territorial principle and attempted to assimilate themselves with the Dutch based on blood orientation. Apart from the political situation, especially the surge of native nationalism and the emergence of political parties that accompanied the opening of the Volksraad (National Council) in 1918, this shift of political attitude by the Indo-Europeans was also affected very much by the change of their socio-economic position. Their social position through their long history was not fixed. In the 19th century, many of them were impoverished lower clerks. The major factor in their inability to compete with the totok, the Dutch newcomers, was their inferior education. As their poverty worsened towards the end of that century, anti-Netherlands sentiment among them grew stronger. This sentiment was channeled into Indies nationalism and culminated in their tremendous support of the Indische Partij. But from the beginning of the 20th century, the socio-economic situation of the Indo-Europeans began to change drastically. Educational opportunities improved greatly under the Ethical Policy, although this benefitted the natives much more. The development of the economy and expansion of government services during the first three decades of the 20th century brought significant changes in the labor market for Indo-Europeans. These changes brought them to higher social status. From about the time of World War I, the majority of the Indo-Europeans came to constitute a middle class, and their competitors in the labor market were no longer the totok but the educated natives. At the same time, the upper stratum of Indo-Europeans began to assimilate completely with that of the Dutch. As far as the Dutch and the Indo-Europeans were concerned, the process of formation of social order in a so-called plural society was thus completed in the 1920s
Administrative Divisions of Java : Historical Outline
Get PDFIndonesia has now unified local administration system all over the country, down to village level, due to the high-handed national integration policy of the government of the Republic of Indonesia. As a preliminary research to the historical background of the unification, this paper traces the changes of administrative divisions in a concrete way in Java, where the model of present system was established, from 1874, when the standardized sub-district system was introduced to most of the area, to 1945, when Indonesia declared her independence. It was at the end of the 1920's that as a result of the decentralization policy, started in the beginning of this century, the unified system of administrative divisions prevailed in Java, except the Principalities. Of this Province-Residency-Regency/ Municipality-District-Subdistrict system, the Regency and District have been abolished after independence, and the Subdi strict has become today's District (Kecamatan). The number of the Regency and Subdistrict were decreased by about 10 percent in the middle of the 1930's. Most of today's Regencies and Districts are same as the curtailed ones
<Book Reviews>Ishizawa Yoshiaki. New Research on the History of Ancient Cambodia. Tokyo: Fukyosha, 2013, 766p
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
