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    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Valuation of condition athletics preparation of standardbred trotting on straight race course through determination of lactate, haematocrit and some physiological parameters [Valutazione dello stato di preparazione atletica del cavallo trottatore su pista dritta mediante determinazione del lattato, del valore ematocrito e di alcuni parametri fisiologici]

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    On ten three and four year old healthy trotting standardbred, we obtained, at rest, in effort, and thirty minutes after exercise on straight race course, the following parameters: bloody lactate, haematocrit, plasmatic protein, heart and breath rate and rectal temperature were obtained at rest, in effort, and thirty minutes after exercise on straight race course from ten healty trotter horses of three and four years old. After effort the concentration of lactate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in three years old than in four years old horses, on which haematocrit was significantly lower (p<0.05). Consequently, monitoring of lactate and haematocrit is a very good sign of the level of horse's athletic condition. Moreover, the re-establishment of physiological parameters, thirty minutes after exercise, allows to verify the good training level

    Valuation of condition athletics preparation of standardbred trotting on straight race course through determination of lactate, haematocrit and some physiological parameters

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    Su 10 cavalli trottatori ben allenati, di 3 e 4 anni di età, sono stati rilevati a riposo, sotto sforzo e trenta minuti dopo l’esercizio fisico su pista dritta, i seguenti parametri: lattato ematico, ematocrito, proteine plasmatiche, frequenza cardiaca, frequenza respiratoria e temperatura rettale. I valori di lattato al termine dello sforzo sono risultati significativamente più alti (p<0,05) nei cavalli di 3 anni rispetto a quelli di 4 anni, mentre i valori dell’ematocrito significativamente più bassi (p<0,05). Il monitoraggio del lattato e del valore ematocrito risulta pertanto essere un ottimo indice del grado di preparazione atletica del cavallo. In aggiunta, il restauro dei parametri fisiologici 30 minuti dopo l’esercizio consente di verificare il buon grado di allenamento dei soggetti.On ten three and four year old healthy trotting standardbred, we obtained, at rest, in effort, and thirty minutes after exercise on straight race course, the following parameters: bloody lactate, haematocrit, plasmatic protein, heart and breath rate and rectal temperature were obtained at rest, in effort, and thirty minutes after exercise on straight race course from ten healthy trotter horses of three and four years old. After effort the concentration of lactate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in three years old than in four years old horses, on which haematocrit was significantly lower (p<0.05). Consequently, monitoring of lactate and haematocrit is a very good sign of the level of horse's athletic condition. Moreover, the re-establishment of physiological parameters, thirty minutes after exercise, allows to verify the good training level

    Paw preference in dogs: relations between lateralised behaviour and immunity

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    Paw use in a task consisting of the removal of a piece of adhesive paper from the snout was investigated in 80 mongrel and pure-bred domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Population lateralisation was observed, but in opposite directions in the two sexes (animals were not desexed): males preferentially used their left paw, females their right paw. The relationship between immune function and paw preference was then investigated. Some immune parameters (total number of white blood cells including lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes; leukocyte formula; total proteins; gamma-globulins) were investigated in a sample of left-pawed (n = 6), right-pawed (n = 6) and ambidextrous (n = 6) dogs. The results showed that the percentage of lymphocytes was higher in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs, whereas granulocytes percentage was lower in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. Moreover, total number of lymphocytes cells was higher in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs, whereas the number of gamma-globulins was lower in left-pawed than in right-pawed and ambidextrous dogs. These findings represent the first evidence that brain asymmetry modulates immune responses in dogs
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