1,721,010 research outputs found
Harnessing radiation to improve immunotherapy: better with particles?
No full textThe combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy is one of the most promising strategies for cancer treatment. Recent clinical results support the pre-clinical experiments pointing to a benefit for the combined treatment in metastatic patients. Charged particle therapy (using protons or heavier ions) is considered one of the most advanced radiotherapy techniques, but its cost remains higher than conventional X-ray therapy. The most important question to be addressed to justify a more widespread use of particle therapy is whether they can be more effective than X-rays in combination with immunotherapy. Protons and heavy ions have physical advantages compared to X-rays that lead to a reduced damage to the immune cells, that are required for an effective immune response. Moreover, densely ionizing radiation may have biological advantages, due to different cell death pathways and release of cytokine mediators of inflammation. We will discuss results in esophageal cancer patients showing that charged particles can reduce the damage to blood lymphocytes compared to X-rays, and preliminary in vitro studies pointing to an increased release of immune-stimulating cytokines after heavy ion exposure. Pre-clinical and clinical studies are ongoing to test these hypotheses
Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations and Immunotherapy: Micronuclei, Cytosolic DNA, and Interferon-Production Pathway
No full textRadiation-induced chromosomal aberrations represent an early marker of late effects, including cell killing and transformation. The measurement of cytogenetic damage in tissues, generally in blood lymphocytes, from patients treated with radiotherapy has been studied for many years to predict individual sensitivity and late morbidity. Acentric fragments are lost during mitosis and create micronuclei (MN), which are well correlated to cell killing. Immunotherapy is rapidly becoming a most promising new strategy for metastatic tumors, and combination with radiotherapy is explored in several pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Recent evidence has shown that the presence of cytosolic DNA activates immune response via the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes pathway, which induces type I interferon transcription. Cytosolic DNA can be found after exposure to ionizing radiation either as MN or as small fragments leaking through nuclear envelope ruptures. The study of the dependence of cytosolic DNA and MN on dose and radiation quality can guide the optimal combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The role of densely ionizing charged particles is under active investigation to define their impact on the activation of the interferon pathway
New trigonal bipyramidal 4f- and 5f-ansa metallocenes. Binuclear complexes where the ansa-dicyclopentadienyl ligands act contemporary in a chelating and bridging mode
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
New Dimeric Organolanthanide(III) Complexes Containing contemporary Chelating and Bridging ansa-Dicyclopentadienyl Ligands
No full textDerivati Monociclopentadienilici di zirconio(IV) e lantanidi(III) come possibili catalizzatori nella polimerizzazione e idrogenazione delle olefine
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