141,903 research outputs found
Ethnic notions
No full text"This Emmy Award-winning documentary reveals the origins of the dehumanizing African-American stereotypes found in popular culture, from the Antebellum period to the era of the civil rights movement. Loyal Uncle Toms, carefree Sambos, faithful Mammies, grinning fools, savage brutes, and wide-eyed "pickaninnies" roll across the screen in cartoons, feature films, popular songs, minstrel shows, advertisements, folklore, household artifacts, even children's rhymes. Narrated by Esther Rolle and with scholarly commentary throughout, the film is a direct challenge to those who say, "It's just a joke."--Website
Synthesis, chemical vapour deposition and structural studies of group 13 alkoxides
No full textThis work is concerned with the synthesis of precursors to group 13 oxide thin
films, and the subsequent chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of group 13 mixed
metal oxide films. Investigations into the mechanisms at work during their
decomposition via various techniques including gas phase electron diffraction
(GED) is also discussed.
A wide variety of group 13 alkoxides have been synthesised and characterised and
described in this thesis. Significant findings support previous investigations showing
the reaction of trialkyl group 13 complexes [MR3] with an excess of a donor
functionalised alcohol does not yield a group 13 bis(alkoxide). However,
compounds of the type [Ga(OR)nCl3-n] (n = 1, 2) have been synthesised using direct
routes from gallium amido precursors, which are also described herein. In addition a
wide variety of novel group 13 precursors incorporating a mixture of ligands leading
to enhanced properties, desirable for CVD are presented.
The gas phase structures of the dimethylalkoxygallanes, [Me2GaOCH2CH2NMe2]2
and [Me2GaOCH2CH2OMe]2 have been obtained via gas-phase electron diffraction
from studying the vapour produced upon heating. Ab initio molecular orbital
calculations are presented for these compounds, as well as the gas phase structure of
[Me2GaOtBu]2. Only the monomeric forms [Me2GaOCH2CH2NMe2] and
[Me2GaOCH2CH2OMe] are observed in the gas phase with donor functionalised
ligands, whereas the dimer [Me2GaOtBu]2 remains intact in the gas phase.
Gallium oxide films were grown via AACVD using a variety of group 13
precursors. The films deposited were not oxygen deficient and little carbon
contamination was observed, which is attributed to being a direct result of precursor
design. Thin films of indium gallium oxide, and zinc gallium oxide were also
produced from the in situ reactions of InMe3, GaMe3 and HOCH2CH2OMe (for
GaxIn2-xO3) and ZnEt2, GaMe3 and HOCH2CH2OMe (for GaxZnyO) via AACVD on
silica substrates
Strontium titanate based films for tunable device applications
No full textDoutoramento em Ciência e Engenharia de MateriaisO SrTiO3 (ST) cristaliza com a estrutura da perovesquite e apresenta
propriedades de um paraeléctrico quântico; isto é, exibe um aumento continuo
da permitividade dieléctrica com o decréscimo da temperatura até 4K, seguido
de um patamar de valor constante até cerca de 0K. A presença de
imperfeições na rede, tais como defeitos pontuais, impurezas e tensões podem
modificar apreciavelmente as propriedades do ST puro e mesmo induzir
ferroelectricidade.
Neste trabalho foi conduzido um estudo sistemático da estrutura,
microestrutura e comportamento dieléctrico de filmes finos não dopados e
dopados de ST policristalino preparados por sol gel e depositados sobre
diferentes substratos. As propriedades dieléctricas foram estudadas numa
gama alargada de temperatura e frequência do campo eléctrico. A
caracterização dieléctrica dos filmes foi efectuada em função da temperatura e
frequência desde o regime das frequências rádio (rf), terahertz (THz-TDS) e
infra vermelho (IR). As características cristalográficas e microestuturais dos
filmes de ST foram analisadas por difracção de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia
de Raman, microscopia electrónica de varrimento (SEM) e de transmissão
(TEM), espectroscopia de Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). Foi feito um
estudo detalhado da dinâmica de rede destes materiais.
É mostrado neste trabalho que filmes finos de ST não dopados e crescidos
em diferentes substratos (Al2O3/Pt, Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt, (LaAlO3)0.3-
(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7/Pt, SrTiO3/Pt and MgO/Pt) apresentam diferentes características
estruturais e propriedades eléctricas, directamente dependentes das tensões
criadas nos filmes. Nos grãos dos filmes de ST depositados sobre substratos
de MgO/Pt devido às elevadas tensões compressivas originadas pelo
substrato observam-se deslocações do tipo “slip band dislocations”, Enquanto
que o modo TO1 de filmes de ST depositados sobre Al2O3 se comporta de
maneira muito semelhante aos cristais de ST na gama de temperatura entre
300K e 150K, o modo TO1 dos filmes de ST depositados sobre substratos de
MgO apresenta-se endurecido, o que se pode explicar pela influência das
tensões geradas nos filmes pelo substrato. Filmes de ST com as tensões
compressivas mais elevadas, depositados sobre substratos de MgO/Pt exibem
os valores mais elevados da parte real da permitividade dieléctrica (ε′), a maior
resposta histerética da polarização em função do campo eléctrico aplicado e
os maiores valores da sintonabilidade dieléctrica (nr), em oposição aos filmes
de ST, depositados sobre substratos de Al2O3/Pt com as tensões tractoras
mais elevadas.
Neste trabalho é também salientada a importância dos aspectos tecnológicos
da preparação por sol gel, na qualidade dos filmes finos de ST, que se reflecte
nos valores elevados de ε′ and nr, que são obtidos por pela introdução de
camadas intermédias tampão (buffer layers) e pelo aumento da temperatura de
queima de 750o
C para 900o
C.
Com base em previsões teóricas, de que o deslocamento de iões de
pequenas dimensões (“off centre”) como o Mg, nos locais dos iões Sr da rede
induzem uma anomalia na resposta dieléctrica do ST, foi estudada a
incorporação de Mg na rede dos filmes de ST. Foi observado que o limite de
solubilidade sólida de Mg na rede de ST é dependente do local da rede no qual
ocorre a incorporação do dopante e da temperatura do tratamento térmico.
Aumentando a temperatura do tratamento térmico decresce a solubilidade do
magnésio nos filmes de Sr1-xMgxTiO3 de x > 0.30 a 750o
C para x < 0.15 a
900o
C. De acordo com este estudo, o Mg não induz um estado ferroeléctrico
nem um comportamento do tipo relaxor em filmes finos de titanato de estrôncio
preparados por sol gel, quer quando a substituição ocorre nos locais A ou B da
rede do ST.
A estrutura, dinâmica de rede e propriedades dieléctricas de filmes finos de
ST dopados com Bi são também apresentados neste trabalho e discutidos pela
primeira vez. Nos filmes de Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 o modo TO1 torna-se mais duro e
independente da temperatura e uma relaxação a baixas frequências aparece
com o aumento do conteúdo de Bi. A posição do máximo de ε′ dos filmes
estudados desloca-se para temperaturas mais altas com o aumento da
concentração de Bi e com o aumento da frequência. A presença de “clusters”
de dimensões nanométricas e dos iões de Bi em posição “off centre” causa
uma relaxação dieléctrica complexa. A relaxação dieléctrica induzida segue, a
lei de Arrhenius para as amostras com baixo teor de Bi (x < 0.04), e a relação
de Vogel-Fulcher para as amostras com as concentrações de dopante mais
elevadas (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.167). A dispersão da frequência de ε′ em filmes finos de
Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 com pequenos teores de Bi é ligeiramente suprimida, quando em
comparação com os cerâmicos correspondentes, o que pode ser explicado
pela influência do substrato no caso dos filmes finos. Este estudo ilustra que a
incorporação de Bi na rede de ST origina um comportamento do tipo relaxor,
aumentando a tunabilidade dieléctrica. Filmes finos de Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 com
elevados factores de qualidade (> 2000 numa gama de temperatura alargada)
são candidatos apropriados para utilização em sintonizadores.SrTiO3 (ST), crystallizing in the perovskite type structure, is a quantum
paraelectric, i.e., it exhibits a continuous increase of the dielectric permittivity
with decreasing temperature down to 4K, followed by the levelling off of the
permittivity to near 0K. The presence of lattice imperfections such as strain,
point defects, grain boundaries, and impurity atoms can appreciably modify the
properties of pure ST and even induce ferroelectricity.
In this work, systematic research on the structure, microstructure and
dielectric behaviour of polycrystalline SrTiO3 - based thin films prepared by solgel
is performed. The dielectric properties are studied in a wide temperature,
frequency and electric field ranges. For some films the dielectric
characterisation is assessed at radio-frequency (rf), time-domain terahertz
(THz-TDS), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The crystallographic and micro
structures of the undoped and doped ST films are analysed by X-ray diffraction
(XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
(SEM and TEM) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS)
techniques. Detailed investigations of the lattice dynamics in a wide frequency
range is undertaken as well.
It was observed, that undoped ST films grown on different substrates
(Al2O3/Pt, Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt, (LaAlO3)0.3-(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7/Pt, SrTiO3/Pt and MgO/Pt)
have different structural and dielectric properties dependent on the strain/stress
effect induced by the substrate. For the case of ST films on MgO substrates the
appearance of some “slip band dislocations” within the film grains was detected
due to the high compressive stresses from the substrate. Whereas TO1 mode
of ST films deposited on Al2O3 behaves similarly to that of ST single crystals in
the temperature range from 300K to 150K. TO1 mode of ST films deposited on
MgO substrate is stiffened, what can also be explained by influence of the
stresses. ST films, with the highest compressive stress, deposited on MgO/Pt
substrate shows the highest value of the real part of the dielectric permittivity
(ε′), the largest hysteresis loop, and the highest value of the dielectric tunability
(nr) in opposition to ST films, with the highest tensile stress, deposited on
Al2O3/Pt substrates.
The role of the technological aspects associated with the preparation of highquality
sol-gel ST films is reflected in the elevated ε′ and nr of ST films, obtained
by introducing buffer layers, intermediately annealed at 600o
C, and by
increasing films annealing temperature from 750o
C to 900o
C. As a
consequence ε′ and nr of ~700 and ~50% are attained, being among the
highest values reported for ST sol gel based films.
Based on the theoretical prediction, that the off-centre displacements of small
Mg ions at the large Sr sites can induce dielectric anomalies in ST, the
incorporation of Mg in ST films was addressed in this work. Solid solubility limit
of Mg was found to depend on the lattice site of incorporation and annealing
temperature. Increasing annealing temperature decreases the solubility in
Sr1-xMgxTiO3 thin films from x > 0.30 for 750o
C to x < 0.15 at 900o
C. Moreover
Mg does not induce ferroelectricity or relaxor-like behaviour in strontium
titanate, either located in A- or B-site of the SrTiO3 lattice.
Within this work, the structure, low temperature lattice dynamics and dielectric
properties of Bi doped ST films are described and discussed for the first time.
In Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 films TO1 mode becomes harder and, concomitantly a
temperature independent and low-frequency relaxation appears with increasing
of Bi content. The position of the maximum of ε′ of the investigated films shifts
to high temperatures with increasing Bi content and frequency. The presence of
nanoclusters and off-centred Bi ions causes a complex relaxation dynamics in
these films. The induced dielectric relaxation follows the Arrhenius law for the
samples with low Bi content (x < 0.04) and the Vogel-Fulcher law for the
samples with a higher doping concentration (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.167). The frequency
dispersion of ε′ in Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 thin films with small amount of the Bi is slightly
suppressed, compared to the corresponding ceramics, what can be explained
by the influence of substrate. Bi incorporation in ST lattice leads to a relaxortype
dielectric response, increasing the dielectric tunability. Sr1-1.5xBixTiO3 thin
films with high value of the quality factor (> 2000 in wide temperature range)
are appropriate candidates for using in tunable applications
Pyroelectricity in langmuir-blodgett films
No full textThe fabrication of pyroelectric devices using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is described. Studies of a wide range of materials are reported; however, the thesis concentrates on electrical and structural investigations of two specific alternate layer films: 22-tricosenoic acid/l-docosylamine and 22-tricosenoic acid/4-octadecylaniline. The latter system possesses a pyroelectric coefficient of 0.65 nCcm(^-2)K(^-1), representing the largest reported value, to date, for an LB film. The pyroelectric figure of merit (p/e(^1)(_T)) of such films is approximately 0.22 nCcm(^-2)K(^-1), which is comparable with the values for commercially available materials. The difference in pyroelectric coefficient of the two types of alternate layer film is attributed to differences in inter-layer bonding, as revealed by infrared spectroscopy. The dependence of the pyroelectric coefficients on parameters such as film thickness, substrate thickness and temperature is investigated. Structural studies, performed using electron and X-ray diffraction techniques, are also described. These provide information on the orientation of the molecules relative to the substrate and on the d-spacing of the LB films. It is shown that the substrate has a deleterious effect on the responsivity of LB film devices, and studies of films deposited onto different substrate materials indicate that there is a significant piezoelectric ally induced secondary effect contributing to the overall pyroelectric coefficient. This secondary effect is small at low temperatures, but becomes dominant at around 250 K. The results of thermally stimulated discharge experiments indicate that both free charges and dipolar groups are incorporated in the films during deposition, and become tightly bound within the polar structure
From rituals to films: a case study of the visual rhetoric of Igbo culture in Nolywood films
No full textMany reasons have been advanced as to why the video film industry in Nigeria has been so successful financially and in building loyal audiences among Africans around the world. The present thesis argues that Nollywood films help to provide a time and a place for resolving deep-felt tensions in an increasingly modern world while affirming an authentic African [Igbo] identity. The way contemporary video films are produced brings these films close to the dominant emotional and identity questions posed by the Igbos, Nigerians and Africans alike. Particularly in Nigeria, the Nollywood film industry has brought familiar symbolic rituals of cultures on to the screen for audiences’ pleasure. Exploring the recurrent themes of these films raises consciousness about Nollywood as a new and special site where cultures are generated and regenerated. Here, major questions of values and meanings of life are explored, which raise awareness of the Igbo’s journey as a people. This thesis uses textual analysis as well as indigenous audience focus-group analysis to explore cultural representations in Nollywood. A wide range of participants were interviewed in the eight focus-group sessions that were conducted. Two in-depth interview sessions were also carried out on some Nollywood actors. Broadly, this research objectives were:
• to identify a conceptual framework for understanding the culture of Africa and Nigeria, in particular, using the concept of ‘communalism’.
• to determine the range of reception and consumption modalities of Nollywood products in Nigeria by means of focus-group interviews.
• to explore the impact of Nollywood as an industry in the wake of globalization and in the context of current global trends.
In pursuing these goals, this study looked at selected key films including, Things Fall Apart (1986), Coronation (2004), Bless Me (2005), Igodo: The Land of the Living Dead (1999), Living in Bondage (1992), My Best Friend (2003), Oil Village (2001), Widow (2007), Last Ofala (2002), Fool at 40 (2006), Festival of Fire (1999) and a lot more as listed in this study’s filmography. At the end this research found that the experience of Nollywood films is something of a centripetal process of communication for the Igbo and Nigerian viewers who believe that these texts help build their societies, culturally from below
Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based thin films : characterization and optimization for calcium phosphate crystallization
No full textNovel polymer-inorganic composites attract scientific and commercial attention as potential biomaterials for orthopedic applications, due to the fact that currently used materials have still many drawbacks, e.g. problems with cell attachment or degradation products toxicity. Furthermore, scientific research progressively focuses on mimicking the structure and function of the body’s organs. For example, bone is a natural composite of an organic matrix (collagen) and inorganic crystals (calcium phosphate). Such a combination of two components, which alone have disadvantages like poor load bearing of collagen and brittleness of calcium phosphate, enables bone to accept high load and fulfill its functions in the body. Thus, by combining components with complementary properties, materials with improved or novel properties could be produced. In tissue engineering, such materials are then processed into three-dimensional (3D) structural supports, scaffolds for cells, which can be seeded either before implantation to the patient or the patient’s body may serves as a ‘bioreactor’.
Most of the currently used scaffolds have been prepared via top-down strategies, using for example bulk materials with additives or by blending inorganic and organic components. Since any foreign material introduced to the body is recognized by its surface, tissue engineering research turns towards controlled assembly of inorganic components at the nanoscale, directed by molecularly organized polymer scaffolds, by a so-called bottom-up approach. One advantage of this strategy is the control and tuning of the scaffold’s surface properties, which enhance the interfacial compatibility between the implant and cells, and consequently may decrease the probability of the implant rejection.
Among others, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), natural microbial polyesters, are very interesting candidates for biomedical applications, due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, PHA-based materials reported so far have been prepared using top-down strategies, without detailed analysis and control of the polymer surface properties.
The aim of this thesis was to prepare PHA-based composite materials with potential future applications in orthopedic applications, using the bottom-up approach and to understand i) the scaffold formation, ii) its interactions with most abundant cell membrane components (phospholipids), and iii) templating mechanisms for calcium phosphate crystallization. Poly([R]-3-hydroxy-10-undecenoate) (PHUE), a representative of medium-chain-length PHAs, was investigated. Due to its elastomeric properties the polymer can form a flexible matrix for calcium phosphate crystals, similarly to collagen in bone.
PHUE scaffolds were prepared using the Langmuir monolayer technique, which enabled a control over the polymer molecular organization, and produced stable two-dimensional (2D) films on the air-water interface. Interactions of the polymer with biologically important molecules, cell membrane lipids, in mixed Langmuir films were evaluated – this approach is a simple method to model the behavior of living cells in the presence of a synthetic (implant) material. The interactions were highly reliant on the lipid head group size and orientation at the free water surface, and are interpreted considering intra- and intermolecular forces between lipid and polymer molecules.
The organic-inorganic composite materials were obtained by using one-component (polymer or lipid) and mixed (polymer-lipid) monomolecular films as templates influencing the growth of calcium phosphate. Crystal size and size distribution, morphology, and composition depend on the nature of organic film-forming molecules and interactions between them. Organic-inorganic composite materials with various properties were achieved by using different lipids and lipid/polymer ratios in the films, and the crystal growth conditions (mineralization time, ions concentration). Briefly, good control of calcium phosphate crystallization was achieved with films containing negatively charged lipid and higher excess of the lipid (for anionic and zwitterionic lipids).
This thesis presents the first thorough analysis of PHAs surface properties, which may be helpful to better understand already used PHA-based biomaterials. The study of PHA interactions with lipids provides additional insights for development of e.g. polymer-lipid coating materials. Last, but not least, calcium phosphate crystallization beneath PHAs and its mixed films with lipids may inspire new developments in bone tissue engineering using naturally synthesized polymers. In the broader context, the outcome of this work may have impact not only on PHA-based materials, but also on the understanding of other polyester-based biomaterials. Furthermore, the results may be also of interest for applications where properties of thin, molecularly organized films are crucial for the product design and performance, such as sensors
Infrared and Raman studies of thin polymer films
No full text[Keywords:- Waveguide; Raman; Attenuated Total Reflection; Infrared; Polymer Films; Barrier Films; Epoxy; Diffusion; Isocyanate; Crosslinking Agents; Cure Time; Kinetics; Urethane; Film Quality]This thesis describes the experimental work carried out between October l(^st), 1990 and 30th September, 1993, in the Chemistry Department of the University of Durham, in association with Courtaulds Coatings plc, m partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The thesis is divided into three sections, namely Theoretical Considerations (three Chapters), Experimental Results (three Chapters) and Discussion of Results (one Chapter). There are also three appendices. The theoretical section presents a working description of Paint Chemistry, Vibrational spectroscopy, Waveguide Raman Spectroscopy, Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Diffusion Processes. The experimental section is divided into three chapters. The first describes methods of film preparation and characterisation and includes methods of film thickness determination and the development of an off-line waveguiding rig at the University of Durham. Raman spectroscopic results are detailed in the second chapter, and include waveguide experiments on both single polymer films and laminate systems, some of which are reported for the first time, along with some FT-Raman results, also reported for the first time. The FT-IR ATR spectroscopic results are presented in the third chapter and include some barrier film studies on polymeric laminate systems, plus the study of certain diffusion processes, along with an estimation of the associated diffusion coefficients and some kinetic parameters, occurring in epoxy resins, which are reported for the first time. The discussion section concentrates on a full elucidation of the results, and conclusions that may be drawn from them, and ends with suggestions for future work. Refractive indices quoted, unless otherwise stated, refer to indices measured usmg 632.8 nm radiation, and have been estimated either using previous literature, or with the off-line rig. It is accepted that electric field calculations performed with these values will be slightly different to the actual fields observed in the Raman experiments, due to slightly different refractive indices at 514.5 nm. T in tables, unless otherwise stated, refers to band intensities in absorbance units. Finally, the attention of the reader is drawn to the fact that some of the materials used in the course of this project have no precise structure given. This is due to the fact that some of the substances used are of either a highly complicated and/or confidential nature
The films of Chantal Akerman : a cinema of displacements
No full textThis thesis attempts to broaden the critical boundaries within which the films of
Chantal Akerman have been discussed. First, it extends analysis from Akerman's
70s to her 80s and 90s films. Second, it argues that as well as her gender and
aesthetic identities, Akerman's Belgian and Jewish identities should be
acknowledged. Finally, it suggests that each of these four identities: woman,
independent film-maker, Belgian and Jewish allow her a position of marginality,
figured in her films through the trope of 'displacement'.
The structure of the thesis is two-fold: it extends discussion of Akerman's cinema to
films not previously considered, and through this extension engages with
contemporary issues in film and cultural theory such as female authorship,
independent and national, and marginal cinemas. Chapter one `Woman' and chapter
two `Independent' extend the reading of gender and sexuality and formal and
aesthetic innovation in Akerman's cinema. In the first chapter this is done through
consideration of the films Golden Eighties (1986) and Nuit et jour (1990), while in
the second her short films, video work and work for television are examined.
My third and fourth chapters offer areas of Akerman's work which have not
previously been studied. Chapter three, `Belgian', considers the significance of
Akerman's nationality for her film-making while engaging with theories around
national cinema. It examines the possibility of a `Belgian national cinema' and the
intersections which arise between this and Akerman's cinema, especially around
Toute une nuit (1982). Finally, in my fourth chapter, `Jewish', I use Histoires
d'Amerigue (1989) and D'Est (1993) to argue that Akerman's is a `wandering'
cinema, in which she is constantly examining the homelessness and displacement
that her Jewishness engenders
Fermilab: science at work
No full textSix days. Three frontiers. One amazing lab. From 2010 to 2012, a film crew followed a group of scientists at the Department of Energy's Fermilab and filmed them at work and at home. This 40-minute documentary shows the diversity of the people, research and work at Fermilab. Viewers catch a true behind-the-scenes look of the United States' premier particle physics laboratory while scientists explain why their research is important to them and the world. Scientists included: Brendan Casey, Herman White, Craig Hogan, Denton Morris, Mary Convery, Bonnie Fleming, Deborah Harris, Dave Schmitz, Brenna Flaugher and Aron Soha
Reactive Gas Pulsing Process for Oxynitride Thin Films
No full textAn original reactive sputtering method, namely the reactive gas pulsing process (RGPP) was developed for the synthesis of titanium oxynitride thin films. Such a method implements a metallic titanium target DC sputtered, a constant supply of argon and nitrogen gases and a pulsing oxygen mass flow rate, which is periodically controlled versus time. Various period times and different patterns can be generated: rectangle, sine, isosceles triangle, mounting or descending triangle and exponential. Real time measurements of the target potential as well as total sputtering pressure are recorded in order to study the instability phenomena of the process. They are also pertinent diagnostic tools to select the most suitable pulsing patterns required to alternate the process between the nitrided and the oxidized sputtering modes. As a result, alternation is produced for exponential and rectangular patterns. For this latter, the influence of the duty cycle α defined as the ratio of the injection time of oxygen by the pulsing period, on the behaviour of the reactive sputtering process and optical properties of deposited films, is systematically investigated. Finally, the added value brought by the exponential patterns is examined. It is shown that the exponential signal leads to significant improvements of the oxygen injection. The purpose is to introduce the right amount of oxygen so as to poison the titanium target surface without saturating the sputtering atmosphere by oxygen. Thus, the speed of pollution of the target surface appears as an appropriate parameter to better understand the beneficial effect of the exponential shape on the control of the RGPP method
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