1,721,001 research outputs found
Hysteresis and the Reaction to the Expectations-augmented Phillips Curve. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Associazione Italiana per la Storia dell'Economia Politica (STOREP), Lecce, 1-3 giugno 2006; and at the Annual Meeting of the Associazione Italiana per la Storia del Pensiero Economico (AISPE), Padova, 15-17 giugno 2006
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The distribution of the gender wage gap in Italy: does education Matter?
Full text linkIn this paper we evaluate the wage gap due to differences in rewards to characteristics by
studying the entire distribution of the individual unexplained wage gap. We use quantile regressions and an adaptation of the procedure suggested by Machado and Mata (2005) to derive the marginal distributions of predicted and counterfactual female wages. Then, we estimate probability distributions of unexplained wage gap conditional to observed characteristics. The methodology allows to evaluate the probability of women with different characteristics to experience any level of discrimination. The main focus of the paper is on the relationship between human capital characteristics and outcomes in differences in pay. In particular, we focus our attention on different educational levels. Under the hypothesis that women invest in education to signal their productivity,
we should detect a lower wage gap −due to differences in rewards to characteristics− among high educated females. Our analysis suggests that education can be a good signal but not for all females.
We also show that education interacts differently with other human capital characteristics, such as general experience acquired in the labour market. The analysis is carried out on Italian data drawn from the last available cross-section of the European Community Household Panel (2001
Group vs. Individual Discrimination Among Young Workers
No full textWe evaluate the gender wage gap and the unexplained gender wage differential for workers 15-29 year old during the period 1990-1997, using a particularly rich set of data from the Italian Social Security System covering all individuals in the labour markets of two Italian provinces.
We estimate separate earnings functions for men and women correcting for endogeneity of education and we evaluate gender discrimination by studying the entire distribution of the unexplained wage gap as suggested by Jenkins (1994). We evaluate discrimination against females by means of bivariate density functions. This innovation makes it possible to condition the density distribution on the marginal distribution of any characteristic and to evaluate more precisely the existence of group and individual discrimination. Our analysis suggests that discrimination is not evenly distributed among women, in relation to their characteristics; in particular, there is evidence of lower discrimination against highly educated females. Moreover in 1997, compared to 1990, discrimination increased in a appreciable way, affecting human capital rich females more significantly. While our work is based in a very local context the richness of the data and the methodological innovation give the results a wider application
Primary-school class composition and the development of social capital
Full text linkWe study the development of social capital through adult civic engagement, in relation to social capital exposure having occurred during childhood based on experiences outside the family at primary school. We assume that the types of classmates in attendance at a child's school would have influenced her/his social capital. To identify the types of classmates, we take advantage of the heterogeneity in the ability levels of British primary-school classes during the 1960s. At that time, some schools were practicing a method of streaming, whereas others were not. Using British National Child Development data, we construct a single score of civic engagement and evaluate the effect on adult civic engagement of attending homogeneous-ability classes versus nonhomogeneous-ability classes and being in high-, average- or low-ability classes when enrolled in streamed schools. Our results show that children who were grouped in homogeneous-ability classes developed a lower interest in civic engagement than their peers who attended mixed-ability classes (nonstreamed schools). Moreover, among children who attended streamed schools, a lower attitude toward civic engagement was observed among low-ability students. Thus, streaming appears to be detrimental to social capital development, especially for low-ability individuals
The Gender Factor in Monetary Policy: A Database for an Event-Based Study
No full textIn the manuscript ‘The Gender Factor in Monetary Policy: An Event-Study Design’ we evaluate the gender factor in monetary policy. For this purpose, we considered the start of a new presidential term at a central bank as an event after which to assess possible changes in monetary policy and gender differences in these changes. To enable this type of analysis, we created a database with information on the start of the term of office of all central bankers—male or female—who served during the period 1980-2018. The file FGP_CBgender_appendix_data.dta contains this information for all central bankers of the central banks listed on the Bank for Institutional Settlements website. The data are organised by event (one row for each event). The file allows the tables in the article's appendix to be replicated using the commands in the FGP_CBgender_appendix_run.do file.
The FGP_CBgender_paper_data.dta and FGP_CBgender_paper_run.do files provide the dataset and commands to replicate everything included in the body of the manuscript—figures and estimation results contained in the tables. The dataset only includes events that entered the estimation process, according to the selection procedure described in the manuscript (Section 3.2) and the exclusion of countries with missing data
The gender factor in monetary policy: An event-study design
Full text linkThis article assesses whether central bankers’ monetary policy preferences differ by gender. Based on a monetary policy rule in which the inflation rate is a function of the output gap, we estimated differences in this rule between central banks with female presidents and those with male presidents. Using an original database of 159 countries observed from 1980-2018, we adopted an event-study design, which, compared with the related literature, offers a novel approach to evaluate gender differences in inflation changes in the years following a new presidential appointment. A difference-in-differences strategy with propensity score matching showed that men central bank presidents are strongly conservative (hawks) in their monetary policy, at least in the first years after taking office. On the contrary, women central bank presidents are progressive (doves). This implies that women let the inflation rate fluctuate more—in relation to the output gap—than do men
Analisi dei Rapporti periodici sulla situazione del personale maschile e femminile di cui all'art. 46 del D. Lgs. 11 aprile 2006, n. 198
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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