1,721,019 research outputs found
Balancing volume resuscitation and ascites management in cirrhosis
No full textPurpose of review: Patients with cirrhosis have total extracellular fluid overload but central effective circulating hypovolaemia. The resulting neurohumoral compensatory response favours the accumulation of fluids into the peritoneal cavity (ascites) and may hinder renal perfusion (hepatorenal syndrome). Their deranged systemic haemodynamics (hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome) is characterized by elevated cardiac output with decreased systemic vascular resistance and low blood pressure. Recent findings: Molecular and biological mechanisms determining cirrhosis-induced haemodynamic alterations are progressively being elucidated. The need for a goal-directed assessment of volume resuscitation (especially with volumetric techniques) in patients with cirrhosis is becoming more and more evident. The role of fluid expansion with albumin and the use of splanchnic vasopressors in a variety of cirrhosis-related conditions has recently been investigated. Summary: The response to fluid loading in patients with advanced cirrhosis is abnormal, primarily resulting in expansion of their noncentral blood volume compartment. Colloid solutions, in particular albumin, are best used in these patients. Albumin may be effective in preventing the haemodynamic derangements associated with large-volume paracentesis (paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction), in preventing renal failure during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and, in association with splanchnic vasopressors, in caring for patients with the hepatorenal syndrome
Inizio precoce dell’ipotermia terapeutica dopo arresto cardiaco e correlazione con sopravvivenza e outcome neurologico : report italiano
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Effects of a new rotational device on complication rate during prone ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome : a retrospective analysis
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Dilutional acidosis : where do the protons come from?
No full textPURPOSE: To investigate the mechanism of acidosis developing after saline infusion (dilutional acidosis or hyperchloremic acidosis). METHODS: We simulated normal extracellular fluid dilution by infusing distilled water, normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution. Simulations were performed either in a closed system or in a system open to alveolar gases using software based on the standard laws of mass action and mass conservation. In vitro experiments diluting human plasma were performed to validate the model. RESULTS: In our computerized model with constant pKs, diluting extracellular fluid modeled as a closed system with distilled water, normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution is not associated with any pH modification, since all its determinants (strong ion difference, CO(2) content and weak acid concentration) decrease at the same degree, maintaining their relative proportions unchanged. Experimental data confirmed the simulation results for normal saline and lactated Ringer's solution, whereas distilled water dilution caused pH to increase. This is due to the increase of carbonic pK induced by the dramatic decrease of ionic strength. Acidosis developed only when the system was open to gases due to the increased CO(2) content, both in its dissociated (bicarbonate) and undissociated form (dissolved CO(2)). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in proton concentration observed after dilution of the extracellular system derives from the reaction of CO(2) hydration, which occurs only when the system is open to the gases. Both Stewart's approach and the traditional approach may account for these results
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