290 research outputs found
Heinz Piontek versus Peter Handke. A general sketch of mutual relations
No full textIn this article, the author leans into the points of contact between Heinz Piontek and Peter Handke. They are, at first glance, different writers. However, dedicated to Handke and his text Das Gewicht der Welt, Piontek’s essay of the same title is thought‑provoking. The writers had several facts in common; the article addresses the problem of common acquaintanceship and friendship, as evidenced, among other things, by Piontek’s correspondence, mutual reactions to each other’s work (mostly Piontek’s reaction to Handke’s creative transformation in the 1970s), and, finally, points of contact in creativity – the intertextuality of the writers’ works and their attitude to tradition, using the example of their relationship with J.W. Goethe
Über ein Dichterleben und über das Scheitern – Heinz Pionteks (autobiographischer?) Roman Dichterleben
No full textDer Aufsatz schildert an ausgewählten Beispielen die Rolle der Dichtung im Leben und Schaffen von Heinz Piontek, einem der bedeutendsten deutschen Dichter der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der Beitrag gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird die subjektive Einstellung Pionteks zum Schaffensakt wie auch zur Dichtung selbst beleuchtet. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils des Beitrags steht Pionteks Roman Dichterleben, in dem der Autor das Schicksal des Schriftstellers Achim Reichsfelder schildert. Der Hauptprotagonist, obwohl eine fiktive Gestalt, zeigt zahlreiche Parallelen zu Piontek selbst. Die Problematik des künstlerischen Ausdrucks beschäftigte Piontek sein Leben lang und ist auch – auf unterschiedliche Weise – in seinen literarischen und malerischen Werken sichtbar.About a poet’s life and failure: Dichterleben, a potentially autobiographical novel by Heinz PiontekUsing selected examples, the article shows the role of poetry in the life and work of Heinz Piontek, one of the most valued German poets of the second half of 20th century. The article is divided into two parts. The first part presents the subjective attitude of Piontek to the creative process and to poetry itself. The second part of the article focuses on the novel by Piontek entitled Dichterleben, in which the author tells the story of a writer called Achim Reichsfelder. Although a fictional character, the protagonist demonstrates a number of traits of Piontek himself. The theme of artistic expression accompanied Piontek throughout his life and is visible in various ways in his paintings and literary work.
Der Aufsatz schildert an ausgewählten Beispielen die Rolle der Dichtung im Leben und Schaffen von Heinz Piontek, einem der bedeutendsten deutschen Dichter der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der Beitrag gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird die subjektive Einstellung Pionteks zum Schaffensakt wie auch zur Dichtung selbst beleuchtet. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils des Beitrags steht Pionteks Roman Dichterleben, in dem der Autor das Schicksal des Schriftstellers Achim Reichsfelder schildert. Der Hauptprotagonist, obwohl eine fiktive Gestalt, zeigt zahlreiche Parallelen zu Piontek selbst. Die Problematik des künstlerischen Ausdrucks beschäftigte Piontek sein Leben lang und ist auch – auf unterschiedliche Weise – in seinen literarischen und malerischen Werken sichtbar.About a poet’s life and failure: Dichterleben, a potentially autobiographical novel by Heinz PiontekUsing selected examples, the article shows the role of poetry in the life and work of Heinz Piontek, one of the most valued German poets of the second half of 20th century. The article is divided into two parts. The first part presents the subjective attitude of Piontek to the creative process and to poetry itself. The second part of the article focuses on the novel by Piontek entitled Dichterleben, in which the author tells the story of a writer called Achim Reichsfelder. Although a fictional character, the protagonist demonstrates a number of traits of Piontek himself. The theme of artistic expression accompanied Piontek throughout his life and is visible in various ways in his paintings and literary work.
Der Aufsatz schildert an ausgewählten Beispielen die Rolle der Dichtung im Leben und Schaffen von Heinz Piontek, einem der bedeutendsten deutschen Dichter der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der Beitrag gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird die subjektive Einstellung Pionteks zum Schaffensakt wie auch zur Dichtung selbst beleuchtet. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils des Beitrags steht Pionteks Roman Dichterleben, in dem der Autor das Schicksal des Schriftstellers Achim Reichsfelder schildert. Der Hauptprotagonist, obwohl eine fiktive Gestalt, zeigt zahlreiche Parallelen zu Piontek selbst. Die Problematik des künstlerischen Ausdrucks beschäftigte Piontek sein Leben lang und ist auch – auf unterschiedliche Weise – in seinen literarischen und malerischen Werken sichtbar.About a poet’s life and failure: Dichterleben, a potentially autobiographical novel by Heinz PiontekUsing selected examples, the article shows the role of poetry in the life and work of Heinz Piontek, one of the most valued German poets of the second half of 20th century. The article is divided into two parts. The first part presents the subjective attitude of Piontek to the creative process and to poetry itself. The second part of the article focuses on the novel by Piontek entitled Dichterleben, in which the author tells the story of a writer called Achim Reichsfelder. Although a fictional character, the protagonist demonstrates a number of traits of Piontek himself. The theme of artistic expression accompanied Piontek throughout his life and is visible in various ways in his paintings and literary work
New damage curves and multimodel analysis suggest lower optimal temperature
No full textEconomic analyses of global climate change have been criticized for their poor representation of climate change damages. Here we develop and apply aggregate damage functions in three economic Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) with different degrees of complexity. The damage functions encompass a wide but still incomplete set of climate change impacts based on physical impact models. We show that with medium estimates for damage functions, global damages are in the range of 10% to 12% of GDP by 2100 in a baseline scenario with 3 °C temperature change, and about 2% in a well-below 2 °C scenario. These damages are much higher than previous estimates in benefit-cost studies, resulting in optimal temperatures below 2 °C with central estimates of damages and discount rates. Moreover, we find a benefit-cost ratio of 1.5 to 3.9, even without considering damages that could not be accounted for, such as biodiversity losses, health and tipping points
Badania paleobiologiczne populacji z III–V okresu epoki brązu z Sulęcina, woj. zielonogórskie
No full textIn this paper description of the biological state of human population living in the Bronze Age is presented. Skeletal material (cremated bones) originates from the burial ground of Lusatian culture dated at III –V period of Bronze Age. In the area of excavations 300 graves containing cremated human remains were uncovered, moreover in several other graves were buried cremated animal bones. In 20 graves more than one urn was placed, in 7 other burials single pot contained remains of two individuals and in one case in a grave was urn with bones of three individuals. Anthropological analysis was possible in the case of 186 individuals. Sex determinations are based on diagnostic characters which most frequently occur in cremated material, in assessment of sex of each individual at least two available diagnostic characters were taken into consideration. Age at death in some cases was estimated rather exactly on ground of changes in pubic symphysis. In other cases age at death was estimated after careful analysis of cranial sutures in adults and eruption of teeth in children.
Analysis of mortality. Abridged life tables for the total sample as well as for adult males and females separately are constructed (tab. 1). For construction of the tables sex ratio 1:1 was assumed, hence adults of undeterminable sex were added in appropriate proportions to male and female group and distributed in age classes. Firstly frequency of deaths in age groups for individuals of known sex and age was calculated; after this adults of undeterminable sex and age were added in suitable proportion to each age group. These manipulations did not influence biometric functions of life tables for adults. Measures traditionally used in investigations of prehistoric cemeteries were also calculated: mean age at death for all individuals =24.3 years, mean age at death for adult males =37.7 years and for females =34.5 years, proportion of dead subadults =38.5% including 5.3% of newborns and infants, 26.4% of children dying between 1 and 5 years of age, 2.6% older children (6–13 years) and 3.2% of adolescents (14–19 years).
Numerical growth of the population. Value of potential gross reproduction rate (Rot) proposed by M. Henneberg (1975) for investigated group is 0.65. Rpot theoreticaly may range from 0 to 1. Zero signifies complete lack of possibility for reproduction, 1 means entire absence of mortality of reproductive individuals, hence highest possible natality with a given births spacing. After assuming that in the investigated group average woman, who lived at least 50 years, (throughout whole reproductive period) gave 7 live births, with known Rpot and frequency of subadult deaths net reproduction rate (Re) is calculated as 1.48. From this value, using Lotka\u27s equation for stable population, rate of natural increase is estimated +14 per thousand per year. In order to express the magnitude of total selective pressure resulting from mortality, biological state index (Ips) was computed. This measure, proposed by M. Henneberg and J. Piontek (1975) expresses what a part of one generation has a chance to participate fully in reproduction of the next generation. Ips based on the mortality structure and probabilities of possesing total possible number of offspring born for individuals dying at various ages, measures chance for reproductive succes of a population under observed mortality conditions. It has theoretically defined limits: value 1 is adequate to the „ideal” full adaptation to entirety of environmental stresses by complete exclusion of mortality in reproductive and pre-reproductive periods, value 0 signifies total lack of adaptation, thus size of offspring generation =0. For the group from Sulęcin Ips=0,42, this means that only 42% of individuals born had a chance for giving life to the full number of offspring, hence for 58% of genotypes probability of full reproduction was lower than 1. Values of above described measures are given in table 2. The author have calculated also measures of biological state by methods proposed by L. J. Angel (1969) and J. Nemeskéri (1970, 1972): total number of live births, number of children surviving at least one year, total number of individuals living at the same time, crude birth and death rates, natural increase, number of stem families, their average size and number of children and grandparents living in one family (number of parents in average family is 2 since monogamy is assumed). Computed values are given in table 3.
Size of the human group. Total number of graves on the investigated cemetery is 300. Examination of the graves, as mentioned before, have shown that some of them contain remains of more than one individual, hence the number of persons buried is approximately 350. Applying formula given by G. Acsâdi and J. Nemeskóri (1970) size of the living group is estimated as 30 to 45 individuals. This value may be verified after careful analysis of archeological material, especially by establishing with more accuracy the time span in which cemetery has been used.
Pathological changes. Good state of preservation of bones in some cases enabled the author to observe interesting pathological changes. Most frequent were these resulting from osteoartrosis and periosteitis. In one case are present changes characteristic for anemia (most probably of iron deficiency type). In this case fragments of skull vault bear clearly distinguishable traces of porotic hyperostosis — overgrowth of diploe and lack of external compact bone plate.
Reconstruction of body built. In several graves epiphyses of long bones were preserved. After application of required corrections for contraction of bones caused by fire, from epiphyses length of the bones was reconstructed by means of regression equations. On this basis stature was estimated according to propositions given by J. Strzałko, J. Piontek and A. Malinowski (1972). Mean stature of males (N=8) was 171 cm, of females (N=7) about 156 cm.L\u27article décrit l’état biologique d\u27une population humaine de l’époque du bronze d’après les ossements recueillis dans un cimetière d\u27incinération de civilisation lusacienne datant de la IIIe à la Ve période de l’époque du bronze. Sur lo terrain de recherche on a découvert environ 300 tombes contenant des ossements humains incinérés et quelques unes qui ne renfermaient que des ossements des animaux brulés. Dans une vingtaine de tombes on découvrit plus d’une urne, dans sept autres l\u27urne funéraire contenait les restes d\u27ossements de deux personnes, et dans une seule tombe ceux de trois personnes. Cent-quatre-vingt-six sujets furent soumis d\u27analyse anthropologique. Le sexe en fut déterminé en analysant les traits caractéristiques qui apparaissent le plus souvent dans les ossements incinérés, en tenant compte de la présence de deux traits au moins. L\u27age des sujets, au moment du décès a pu être déterminé de manière assez exacte, pour certains sujets à base d’une analyse de l’état de la surface du symphisis pubica, dans d’autres cas au moyen d\u27une étude détaillée de l’oblitération des sutures crâniennes; l’âge des enfants fut évaluée d’après leurs dents.
Analyse de la distribution de moralité. Pour l\u27ensemble des sujets étudiés, on calcula les paramètres de mortalité et, séparément pour les sujets adultes, femmes et hommes respectivement (Table 1). En calculant ces tables de mortalité, on admit que les sexes étaient représentés à proportion égale, et les sujets dont on n\u27avait pu définir le sexe, furent divisés de façon à obtenir un groupe d\u27hommes et un groupe de femmes numériquement égaux. On effectua d\u27abord le calcul de la mortalité tenant compte de sujets à sexe et âge déterminés: les sujets à sexe et âge non définis y furent incorporés ensuite seulement. Ces procédés n\u27ont point modifié les valeurs des paramètres des Tables de mortalité. D\u27autres paramètres, traditionellement appliqués dans l\u27étude d\u27ossements en provenance de cimetières préhistoriques, furent également calculés: pour l’ensemble des sujets étudiés la moyenne d\u27âge au moment du décès était de 24,3 ans; — pour les hommes adultes cette moyenne était de 37,7 au moment du décès; — pour les femmes elle était de 34,5 ans; — la proportion des enfants par rapport au nombre d\u27adultes était de 38,5%. — la mortalité des nourrissons — de 5,3%, celle d’enfants âgés de 1 à 5 ans de 26,4%; celle d’enfants âgés de 6 à 13 ans de l\u27ordre de 2,6%; enfin, celle d\u27enfants âgés de 14 à 19 ans de l’ordre de 3,2%. Les Tables de moralité continnent tous les autres paramètres.
L’accroissement numérique de la population. On calcula la valeur du coefficient de reproduction virtuelle Ryot, Proposé par M. Henneberg (1975) qui est de 0,65. Les limites de variabilité de ce coefficient varient de ,,0” à „I”, où 1 indique le nombre total possible de progéniture que peut atteindre une population donnée ayant une structure de mortalité définie; „0” indique une absence totale de toute possibilité de progéniture. Admettant que, au cours de sa période de reproduction (jusqu’à 50 ans) chacune des femmes de population étudiée pouvait enfanter jusqu’à sept fois, et, connaissant la valeur de Rp, et la fréquence de la mortalité infantile, on a pu calculer le coefficient de la reproduction nette (R,) — 1,48, et à l’aide de l’équation Lotka, celui de la natalité +14%. Afin de mieux saisir les pressions sélectives qui conditionnent une mortalité différenciée durant la période de reproduction, on a calculé l’indice de l’état biologiques (Ips). Proposé par M. Henneberg et J. Piontek (1975), ce paramêtre permet d\u27établir quelle est la part d\u27une génération qui participera pleinement à la procréation de la génération suivante. Cet indice mesure le succès de reproduction d\u27une population donnée et ses limites sont déterminées avec précision: — 1 signifie une adaptation totale de la population au milieu, en éliminant l’influence sélective de la mortalité sur des individus nés jusqu’au moment où s\u27achève leur période de reproduction. La valeur de l\u27indice pour la population étudiée est de 0,42, ce qui veut dire, en pratique, que 42% sujets qui en provenaient avaient la possibilité de donner le jour à un nombre complet de progéniture: 58% de génotypes étaient donc privés de toute chance de reproduction complète. Les valeurs des coefficients et de l’indice ci-dessus mentionés pour la dite population sont présentés dans la Table II.
Les paramètres de l’état biologique ont été calculés à l’aide de la méthode proposée par J. L. Angel (1969) et J. Nemeskéri (1970, 1973): — le nombre total de naissances; — le nombre total d’enfants atteignant l\u27âge d’un an; — le nombre total des sujets en vie; — le coefficient de natalité; — le coefficient de mortalité, — le taux de natalité, — le nombre de familles; le nombre d’enfants par famille; — le nombre de personnes âgées par famille; — les dimensions de la famille. Ces paramètres sont réunis dans la Table 3.
Les dimensions du groupe humain. Le numéro total des tombes de Sulęcin atteignait trois cents. Les recherches effectuées ont permis de constater que souvent une seule tombe renfermait deux urnes funéraires, ou bien qu’une seule urne contenait les restes de deux ou plus de deux personnes. Un admit donc que le nombre total des individus était de 350. En appliquant le modèle de G. Acsâdi et J. Nemeskéri (1970) on arriva à déterminer le nombre de sujets par groupe (35 à 45 personnes). Lorsqu\u27on aura analysé plus à fond les matériaux archéologiques et determine ainsi la période d\u27existence du cimetière de Sulecin, cette valeur numérique pourra éventuellement étre modifiée.
Changements pathologiques. Le bon état de conservation des ossements dans certaines tombes a permis de constater des cas pathologiques intéressants. L\u27ostéoarthrose et la périostitis sont parmi les changements les plus fréquents. Un seul cas permet de croire que nous avons affaire à des symptômes caractéristiques de l\u27anémie. Les fragments de la calotte du crâne soumis à l\u27analyse ont le diploe ópaissie et présentent le phénomène de disparition du tissu osseux compact (hyperostosis porotica).
Reconstitution des traits physiques. Les têtes des os longs se sont conservées dans certaines tombes. Après y avoir apporté les corrections concernant la réduction de têtes d’os sous l’effet de l’incinération et y avoir appliqué les équations de régression appropriées on reconstitua la longueur de ces os ainsi que la taille du corps — suivant les procédés proposés par J. Strzałko, J. Piontek et A. Malinowski (1972). La taille moyenne de sujets masculins était de 171 cm env. (N=8); celle de sujets féminis (N=7) de 156 cm env.Praca wykonana w ramach Programu Badań Przemian Biologicznych Populacji Ludzkich, dział I D
Counterrotating stars in simulated galaxy discs
No full textCounterrotating stars in disc galaxies are a puzzling dynamical feature whose origin has been ascribed to either satellite accretion events or to disc instabilities triggered by deviations from axisymmetry. We use a cosmological simulation of the formation of a disc galaxy to show that counterrotating stellar disc components may arise naturally in hierarchically clustering scenarios even in the absence of merging. The simulated disc galaxy consists of two coplanar, overlapping stellar components with opposite spins: an inner counterrotating bar-like structure made up mostly of old stars surrounded by an extended, rotationally supported disc of younger stars. The opposite-spin components originate from material accreted from two distinct filamentary structures which at turn around, when their net spin is acquired, intersect delineating a ‘V’-like structure. Each filament torques the other in opposite directions; the filament that first drains into the galaxy forms the inner counterrotating bar, while material accreted from the other filament forms the outer disc. Mergers do not play a substantial role and most stars in the galaxy are formed in situ; only 9 per cent of all stars are contributed by accretion events. The formation scenario we describe here implies a significant age difference between the co- and counterrotating components, which may be used to discriminate between competing scenarios for the origin of counterrotating stars in disc galaxies.Fil: Algorry, David Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Observatorio Astronomico de Cordoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Navarro, Julio F.. University Of Victoria; CanadáFil: Abadi, Mario Gabriel. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Observatorio Astronomico de Cordoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sales, Laura Virginia. Gobierno de la Republica Federal de Alemania. Max Planck Institut Fur Astrophysik; Alemania. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Steinmetz, Matthias. Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam; AlemaniaFil: Piontek, Franziska. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research; Alemani
Best Available Technique (BAT) And Multiplier Four to ensure environment protection
No full textPodjęcie niniejszego tematu uzasadniają następujące przesłanki: W świadomości społecznej od lat utrwalona jest zasada: co technika zniszczyła, technika naprawi [7], a obecnie uległa ona przekształceniu i brzmi: co technika zniszczyła, naprawi technika wyższej generacji. Najlepsze dostępne techniki (BAT) rozumiane są jako urzeczywistnienie tej zasady i pytaniem jest, czy słusznie? Obok najlepszych dostępnych technik (BAT) funkcjonuje koncepcja Mnożnik Cztery [22], która jest kolejnym raportem dla Klubu Rzymskiego. Powstaje pytanie: jak mają się do siebie techniki (BAT) i Mnożnik Cztery, i w jakiej relacji Mnożnik Cztery pozostaje do zasady głoszącej nadrzędność i wszechpotęgę techniki. Sama ochrona środowiska może być rozumiana i realizowana albo sektorowo: E : P [tj.: jako kształtowanie relacji między kapitałem ekonomicznym (E) i przyrodniczym (P)], albo integralnie: E : L : P [tzn. jako kształtowanie wzajemnych relacji między kapitałami: ekonomicznym (E), ludzkim (L) i przyrodniczym (P]. Z sektorową i integralną ochroną środowiska wiąże się odpowiedź na pytanie: jakiego rodzaju ochronę środowiska umożliwiają najlepsze dostępne techniki (BAT), a jaką ochronę zapewnia Mnożnik Cztery. Rozwiązania dwóch ostatnich kwestii i wybór między najlepszymi dostępnymi technikami (BAT) a Mnożnikiem Cztery zależy (i będzie zależeć) od tego, czy jest urzeczywistniany: proces globalizacji, czy rozwój zrównoważony i trwały. W globalizacji jest miejsce na ochronę środowiska o tyle o ile ochrona środowiska służy wolnemu rynkowi, wolnej konkurencji i zapewnia efektywność ekonomiczną. W rozwoju zrównoważonym i trwałym ochrona środowiska integralnie uczestniczy w trwałej poprawie jakości życia, a kształtowanie proporcji pomiędzy kapitałami umożliwia między innymi Mnożnik Cztery. Koncepcja Mnożnika Cztery stanowi istotny wkład we wdrażanie rozwoju zrównoważonego i trwałego. Umożliwia bowiem urzeczywistnianie takiego rozwoju - rozumianego jako trwała poprawa jakości życia współczesnych i przyszłych pokoleń poprzez kształtowanie właściwych proporcji w korzystaniu z trzech kapitałów: ekonomicznego (E), ludzkiego (L) i przyrodniczego (P) - w układzie lokalnym i globalnym. Mnożnik Cztery stanowi wyzwanie dla gmin i przedsiębiorstw w następującym zakresie: poprzez postulowaną rewolucję technologiczną - udokumentowaną wieloma przykładami - wskazuje gminom i przedsiębiorstwom, że rozwiązywania stojących przed nimi zadań nie powinny dokonywać na bazie najwyższej techniki, która zawsze wiąże się ze wzrostem zużycia energii technicznej i zwiększonymi obciążeniami dla środowiska przyrodniczego (P). w wyniku postulowanego rozszczelnienia efektywności Mnożnik Cztery ukierunkowuje gminy na przestrzeganie efektywności społecznej (Es), a przedsiębiorstwa - na zintegrowaną efektywność. Mnożnik Cztery wskazuje na możliwość finansowania proponowanych rozwiązań z własnych - zaoszczędzonych funduszy - bez konieczności popadania w określone uzależnienia rynkowe. Dotyczy to zarówno gmin, jak i przedsiębiorstw. Barierami dla wdrażania koncepcji Mnożnika Cztery - oprócz błędnego kształcenia świadomości - są kategorie i narzędzia ekonomiczno-prawne podporządkowane wyłącznie procesom wąsko rozumianego wzrostu gospodarczego i globalizacji, a ukształtowane w dobie utrwalania zależności - niestety - o charakterze kolonialnym.Dissimilarity and specific character of environment protection in the process of globalization as well as in sustainable and permanent development can be analyzed and presented in various aspects. In the article the main stress has been put on technique - which submitted to different priorities and criteria - exert direct influence on forming proportions between three kinds of capital: economic, human and environmental. It has been proved in the article that environment protection realized in the process of globalization by means of best available technique (BAT) as well as laws of emission market have secondary and incidental meaning. In sustainable and permanent development environment protection is contained in the process of creating proportions between three capitals: economic, human and environmental. The examples taken from the work Multiplier Four ensure sustainable and permanent development and the set of those examples can be called best available non-standardized techniques. In globalization there is a place for environment protection as far as environment protection serves for free market, free competition and ensures economical efficiency. In sustainable and permanent development environment protection integrally takes part in permanent improvement of life quality, and shaping proportions among capitals is enabled by, among others, Multiplier Four. Conception of Multiplier Four presents crucial contribution to introducing sustainable and permanent development. As it enables realization of such development - meant as a permanent improvement of quality of life of present and future generations through shaping proper proportions when using three capitals; economical, human and environmental - in local and global systems. Multiplier Four present challenge for communes and companies in the following range: through postulated technological revolution, substantiated by many examples, it shows communes and companies, that when they fulfill tasks that they have, they should not base on Best Available Technique, which is always connected with increase of technical energy usage and increased load for the natural environment. as a result of postulated efficiency unsealing Multiplier Four directs communes to obeying social efficiency and companies to integrated efficiency, Multiplier Four points at possibility of financing proposed solutions using own, saved funds, without necessity of falling into specific market dependencies. It concerns communes as well as companies. Barriers for introducing conception of Multiplier Four, apart from wrong consciousness training, are economical and law categories and tools complied with only processes of narrow meant economic development and globalization, and shaped in times of strengthening dependencies - unfortunately - with colonial character
Acute effects of short-chain alkylglycerols on blood-brain barrier properties of cultured brain endothelial cells
No full textBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug penetration to the brain preventing effective treatment of patients suffering from brain tumours. Intra-arterial injection of short-chain alkylglycerols (AGs) opens the BBB and increases delivery of molecules to rodent brain parenchyma in vivo. The mechanism underlying AG-mediated modification of BBB permeability is still unknown. Here, we have tested the effects of AGs on barrier properties of cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH:
The effects of two AGs, 1-O-pentylglycerol and 2-O-hexyldiglycerol were examined using an in vitro BBB model consisting of primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, co-cultured with rat cerebral glial cells. Integrity of the paracellular, tight junction-based, permeation route was analysed by functional assays, immunostaining for junctional proteins, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and analysis of claudin-claudin trans-interactions.
KEY RESULTS:
AG treatment (5 min) reversibly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance and increased BBB permeability for fluorescein accompanied by changes in cell morphology and immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. These short-term changes were not accompanied by alterations of inter-endothelial tight junction strand complexity or the trans-interaction of claudin-5.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS:
AG-mediated increase in brain endothelial paracellular permeability was short, reversible and did not affect tight junction strand complexity. Redistribution of junctional proteins and alterations in the cell shape indicate the involvement of the cytoskeleton in the action of AGs. These data confirm the results from in vivo studies in rodents characterizing AGs as adjuvants that transiently open the BBB
O wiarygodności wielocechowych odległości biologicznych w antropologii: krytyka i polemika
No full textThe work contains a response to the views of M. Henneberg (published in Przegląd Antropol. 1984, 50, 65-80) on (1) cognitive value of the measures of geometrical distance, (2) the application of Penrose\u27s method in anthropological studies, (3) testing the significance of differences between groups specified when Penrose\u27s method is. used, (4) dependence between Penrose\u27s distance and the number of samples, The present work contains also an answer to M. Henneberg\u27s objections stating that the author of this polemics obtained research results by ‘manipulating’ with the empirical material.
The present work criticizes and polemizes with the views of M. Henneberg. It states that M. Henneberg analyzed the views of different authors in a too onesided way, and regarding hte work of the present author he did not indicate any adequate facts evidencing the presumed ‘manipulation’ with the empirical material.
In the conclusion, the work criticizes and polemizes with the views concerning the definition of biological distance. M. Henneberg believes that the distance should reveal the similarity in all possible features and he introduces the notion of a ‘general biological similarity’. On the other hand, the author of the polemics believes that anthropological studies consist in searches for similarities regarding a given class of features according to theoretical bases of biological taxonomy
Journalists' multitasking as a strategy of practising the profession in postmodern times
No full textWydział Nauk Politycznych i DziennikarstwaCelem dysertacji jest analiza przemian, jakie dokonały się w ponowoczesnym środowisku mediów masowych, jak wpłynęły one na praktykę wykonywania zawodu dziennikarza. Osadzenie opisywanego problemu w okresie ponowoczesności jest istotne ze względu na powiązaną z nią charakterystykę modyfikacji informacji i procesu pozyskiwania wiedzy. Pozostało to nie bez znaczenia dla sposobu funkcjonowania całych redakcji i indywidualnych dziennikarzy. Autorka niniejszej dysertacji, jako aktywna dziennikarka, obserwuje niniejsze zmiany z pozycji ich uczestnika, sama doświadcza nieustannych przeobrażeń zadań stawianych przed przedstawicielami zawodu. W obliczu konwergencji mediów oraz zwiększonego zaangażowania odbiorców w tworzenie przekazów medialnych, jedyną możliwą strategią wykonywania zawodu wydaje się być podporządkowanie oczekiwaniom zarówno pracodawców, jak i odbiorców. Sprowadza się to do przyjęcia roli multizadaniowca – nie tylko odpowiedzialnego za zgłębienie i przedstawienie tematu reportera, ale niekiedy fotografa, operatora kamery, producenta czy nawet odpowiedzialnego za lokowanie produktu marketingowca. W pracy zestawiono przyjęty dotąd sposób postrzegania dziennikarstwa i roli dziennikarza z okolicznościami, procesami przemian i konsekwencjami wynikającymi z pojawienia się nowych technologii, oczekiwań rynkowych, tabloidyzacji i zjawiska infotainmentu. Wszystkie te czynniki w różnym stopniu zmodyfikowały formę podawania informacji. To z kolei oznacza, iż dziennikarz przestaje się skupiać na zbieraniu i podawaniu informacji, ale musi poświęcić uwagę uatrakcyjnieniu przekazu.The main purpose of this dissertation is to describe the characteristics of changes that the postmodern media bring for the practice of journalism as a profession. Embedding the described problem in the postmodern period is important due to the related characteristics of information modification and the process of acquiring knowledge. It has become significant for the functioning of entire editorial offices as well as individual journalists. The author of this dissertation, as an active journalist, observes these changes from the perspective of a participant, she herself experiences the constant transformations of tasks that are set for the representatives of the profession. In the face of media convergence and the increased involvement of recipients in creating media messages, the only possible strategy for practising the profession seems to be submitting to the expectations of both employers and recipients. It comes down to assuming the role of a multitasker – not only responsible for exploring and presenting a reporter’s topic, but sometimes a photographer, a camera operator, a producer, a publisher or even a marketer. Thus, the dissertation compares the previously adopted perception of journalism and the role of a journalist with the circumstances, transformation processes and consequences resulting from the emergence of new technologies, market expectations, tabloidization and infotainment. All these factors have modified the form of providing information (news, especially television, entertainment oriented websites). This means that the journalist ceases to focus on collecting and delivering information, but must devote attention to making the message more attractive
Versatile Peroxidase Oxidation of High Redox Potential Aromatic compounds:Site-directed Mutagenesis, Spectroscopic and Crystallographic Investigation of three Long-Range Electron Transfer Pathways
No full textVersatile peroxidases (VP), a recently described family of ligninolytic
peroxidases, show a hybrid molecular architecture combining different
oxidation sites connected to the heme cofactor. High-resolution crystal
structures as well as homology models of VP isoenzymes from the fungus
Pleurotus eryngii revealed three possibilities for long-range electron transfer
for the oxidation of high redox potential aromatic compounds. The possible
pathways would start either at Trp164 or His232 of isoenzyme VPL, and at
His82 or Trp170 of isoenzyme VPS1. These residues are exposed, and less
than 11A ° apart from the heme. With the purpose of investigating their
functionality, two single mutations (W164S and H232F) and one double
mutation (W164S/P76H) were introduced in VPL that: (i) removed the two
pathways in this isoenzyme; and (ii) incorporated the absent putative
pathway. Analysis of the variants showed that Trp164 is required for
oxidation of two high redox potential model substrates (veratryl alcohol
and Reactive Black 5), whereas the two other pathways (starting at His232
and His82) are not involved in long-range electron transfer (LRET). None of
the mutations affected Mn2C oxidation, which would take place at the
opposite side of the enzyme. Substitution of Trp164 by His also resulted in
an inactive variant, indicating that an indole side-chain is required for
activity. It is proposed that substrate oxidation occurs via a protein-based
radical. For the first time in a ligninolytic peroxidase such an intermediate
species could be detected by low-temperature electron paramagnetic
resonance of H2O2-activated VP, and was found to exist at Trp164 as a
neutral radical. The H2O2-activated VP was self-reduced in the absence of
reducing substrates. Trp164 is also involved in this reaction, which in the
W164S variant was blocked at the level of compound II. When analyzing
VP crystal structures close to atomic resolution, no hydroxylation of the
Trp164 Cb atom was observed (even after addition of several equivalents of
H2O2). This is in contrast to lignin peroxidase Trp171. Analysis of the
crystal structures of both peroxidases showed differences in the
environment of the protein radical-forming residue that could affect its reactivity. These variations would also explain differences found for the
oxidation of some high redox potential aromatic substrates
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