743 research outputs found
Planktonic foraminifera
No full textPlanktonic foraminifera are marine protozoa with a calcareous and chambered test. The group evolved since late Early Jurassic, and from mid-Cretaceous onward, it has significantly proliferated and is a major component of oceanic oozes. Planktonic foraminifera phylogeny often is closely linked to paleoceanographic turn-over events, and its detailed biostratigraphy contributes significantly to Earth’s geologic history
Cheilolejeunea lobulata Gradstein & Bastos 2020
No full text19. Cheilolejeunea lobulata (Lindenberg) Gradstein & Bastos (2020: 29).— Lejeunea lobulata Lindenberg (in Gottsche et al. 1845: 353). Type:— ST. KITTS, “St. Christopher”, Breutel s.n. (isotype G).— Fig. 12S–Z. Cheilolejeunea nana Schuster (1978: 426), syn. fide Bastos & Gradstein (2020) Cheilolejeunea oncophylla (Ångstrom 1876: 86) Grolle & Reiner (1997: 781), syn. fide Bastos & Gradstein (2020) Plants light brown to almost yellowish, 0.6–0.9 mm wide. Stems in cross section 60–100 µm in diameter, 7–8 epidermal cells, 113–25 × 18–29 µm; 10–16 medullary cells, 9–18 × 5–11 µm. Ventral merophytes 2 cells wide. Leaves distant to contiguous, ovate to ovate, slightly concave, 330–410 × 240–330 µm; margin entire, apex rounded to obtuse, dorsal margin curve; cells slightly mammillose on the dorsal side and with a low papilla, conspicuous trigones; basal cells 18–27 × 12–18 µm, median cells 17–27 × 12–20 µm, marginal cells 10–18 × 9–16 µm. Lobules inflated, ovate to rectangular, 1/3–2/5 of leaf length, free margin involute, apical tooth acute formed by a long cell, 15–22 × 9–15 µm, keel arched, crenate by mammillose cells. Underleaves distant, orbicular to ovate, 130–200 × 120–170 µm, 1.5–2.5 × stem width, bifid to 1/3 to 1/2, with a V-shaped sinus, margin entire, base cuneate. Autoicous or dioicous. Androecia axillary or terminal, 1–3 pairs of bracts. Gynoecia with pycnolejeuneoid innovations, bracts obovate, 510–550 × 300– 330 µm, apex acute, lobule 300 × 100 µm, bracteole ovate, 390–420 × 350–450 µm, bifid to 1/3. Perianth 5-keeled, generally with very strong keels, beak long. Distribution and habitat:—Neotropical, occurring in Caribbean islands, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina (Bastos 2017, Grolle & Reiner- Drehwald 1999). This species is widely distributed in the study area, growing as an epiphyte on tree trunks and branches, in the inter-Andean desert and in semi-desert vegetation, lowland rainforest, lower and upper montane rainforests, grass páramos, and shrub and cushion páramos, between 200–4000 m, in the Guatuso-Talamanca, Puntarenas-Chiriquí, Guajira, Magdalena, and Cauca provinces of the Pacific dominion, and in the Páramo province of SATZ (Fig. 13). Notes:—A variable species, characterized by leaves slightly concave, the apex rounded to obtuse, cells mammillose on the dorsal side whit a low papilla (see Gradstein 2021, Gradstein & Bastos 2022), with conspicuous trigones, and underleaves distant, small 1.5–2 × width stem, bifid up to 1/3, base cuneate, and occasionally with vegetative reproduction by branches caducous (Grolle & Reiner-Drehwald 1997). This species can be confused with C. acutangula (see Gradstein & Bastos 2021) but the latter has usually acute leaf apices (not rounded to obtuse) and larger underleaves, 2.5–4 × stem width (not 1.5–2×). Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 2400 m, 12 April 2000, Costa 3831 (RB); Rio de Janeiro, Parna Tijuca, 22°56’51”S, 43°17’30”W, 507 m, 19 April 2006, Santos 456 (RB); Teresópolis, Parna Serra dos Órg „os, 22°27’66”S, 43°19’90”W, 20 March 2007, Costa 4679 (RB). São Paulo: Cubat „o, 23°51’41”S, 46°27’51”W, 780 m, 27 January 2017, Prudêncio 457 (RB). COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Guatapé, 6°14’N, 75°10’W, 1850 m, 28 June 1997, Gutierrez 1281 (HUA); La Estrella, 6°8’50.4”N, 75°37’47.3”W, 1697 m, Odoñez 151 (HUA); Medellín, Santa Elena, 6°15’13”N, 72°30’42”W, 2528 m, 30 July 2005, Londoño 132 (HUA); Santo Domingo, 1080 m, 24 October 2017, Ordoñez 635 (HUA); Sonsón, 5°43’25.1”N, 75°21’35.7”W, 2641 m, 02 November 2013, Arango 177 (UDBC). Cundinamarca: Páramo El Tablazo, 3500 m, 20 October 1988, Thiers 5487 (COL). Casanare: Sacama, Road Socha– Sacama, 3050 m, 4 August 2017, Gradstein 12712 (COL, UPTC). Huila: Acevedo, Macizo colombiano, 1°36’59”N, 76°6’15”W, 2100 m, 29 November 2001, Castillo 2340 A (HUA). Risaralda: Santa Rosa de Cabal, 4°50’N, 75°31’W, 2970 m, 22 January 1986, Wolf 643, 723 (COL). Tolima: Santa Isabel, 2950–3520 m, 29 July 1980, Aguirre-C 1517, 1618 (COL). COSTA RICA. San José: Cerro de la Muerte, 3350 m, 26 December 1999, Schäfer-Verwimp & Holz SV / H-0160 (ALCB). ECUADOR. Carchi: El Angel - Tulcan Rd., Voladero, 3900 m, 10 April 1987, Thiers 4445 (QCA). Loja: Parque Nacional Podocarpus, 2700, 11 November 2009, Gradstein 12262 (QCA); Parque Nacional Podocarpus, 4°07’S, 79°10’W, 2900 m, 22 January 2011, Schafer-Verwimp 31820/ A (QCA). Zamora - Chinchipe: Parque Nacional Podocarpus, 3000–3100 m, 27 April 2008, Burghardt 7098 (QCA). VENEZUELA. Mérida: Sierra Nevada de Mérida, February 1976, R. M. Schuster 76-1450 (F); National Park Sierra Nevada, 3450 m, Schäfer-Verwimp & Verwimp 12325 (ALCB). Tachira: s. of Villa Paez, Betania, 2560 m, 2 March 1976, Schuster 76-2065b (F).Published as part of Gil-Novoa, Jorge Enrique & Costa, Denise Pinheiro, 2023, Synopsis of the species of Cheilolejeunea (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae) in the Pacific dominion and Páramo province of tropical America, pp. 73-120 in Phytotaxa 587 (2) on pages 100-101, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/773181
Cheilolejeunea rigidula R. M. Schust.
No full text<i>Cheilolejeunea rigidula</i> (Mont.) R.M.Schust. <p> SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — <b>Panama</b>. Barro Colorado Island, <i>Gradstein & Salazar Allen 15072</i>, <i>15115</i>; <i>Shattuck 4Ch</i> (F); Barbour point, <i>Dauphin 3157</i>, <i>3159</i>; Miller trail 20, <i>Salazar Allen & Chung 4538</i>; van Tyne trail, <i>Salazar Allen & Chung 4627b</i>; Fairchild trail 1 and 17-18, <i>Salazar Allen, Chung & Santamaría 6035</i>, <i>6079</i> (Stotler</p> <p> <i>et al</i>. 1998); Gross trail 10, <i>Dauphin 3171</i>; <i>Gradstein & Salazar Allen 15093a</i>.</p> <p>HABITAT. — Common on tree trunks.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. — Tropical and subtropical America, Africa.</p>Published as part of <i>Dauphin, Gregorio, Gradstein, S. Robbert & Allen, Noris Salazar, 2022, Liverworts and hornworts of Barro Colorado Island, Panama, pp. 153-165 in Cryptogamie, Bryologie 20 (9)</i> on page 156, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-bryologie2022v43a9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7822573">http://zenodo.org/record/7822573</a>
Governance and economic growth
Get PDFBecause protection of property rights cannot be appropriated by any individual, it is widely recognized as being the state's responsibility. Moreover, recent empirical evidence suggests that protection of property rights leads to higher investment levels and faster growth. The extent of property rights protection differs significantly across countries. The author integrates the emergence of property rights within a simple growth framework. Drawing on North (1990), he presents a model where economic performance and enforcement of property rights may reinforce each other.Initial conditions determine the economy's convergence to a high-income or a low-income steady state. Existing empirical evidence offers tentative support for this theory.Judicial System Reform,Labor Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Common Property Resource Development,Economic Theory&Research,Inequality,Common Property Resource Development,Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators
Phylogeny, taxon circumscriptions, and character evolution in the core Ptychanthoideae (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta)
No full textPhylogenetie relationships and character evolution in the core Ptychanthoideae (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta), with a focus on Thysananthus, are assessed based on molecular (plastid psbA-trnH, trnG, trnL-F, trnS-rps4, nrITS), morphological-anatomical, and phytochemical data. Generic relationships are molecularly well-resolved and confirm the placement of Mastigolejeunea pancheri and the monotypic Dendrolejeunea fruticosa in Thysananthus. Most morphological characters currently used to distinguish genera in Ptychanthoideae are homoplastic according to ancestral state reconstruction. Molecular and phytochemical data suggest the occurrence of polyphyletic species in Thysananthus and Mastigolejeunea. Careful study of the polyphyletic taxa revealed morphological differences between some of the intraspecific chides, which correlated with synonymized or novel species. Incongruence between plastid and ITS data in M. pancheri indicated the occurrence of a putative hybrid, the first one recorded in Lejeuneaceae and the first in liverworts inferred from phylogenetic data.Royal Thai government; German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD
Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of new and emended species of Cenozoic deep-water agglutinated foraminifera from the Labrador and North Seas
No full textDeep marine, fine grained sedimentary strata of Maastrichtian through Miocene age in the Labrador and North Sea sedimentary basins are rich in agglutinated benthic foraminifera. Six new taxa have been found in these regions, several of which also extend to other circum-Atlantic Paleogene localities. The new taxa are: Ammomarginulina aubertae, n. sp. (Maastrichtian to Eocene), Adercotryma agterbergi, n. sp. (middle Eocene to lower Oligocene), Reticulophragmoides jarvisi (Thalmann) emended herein (Paleocene to lower Oligocene), Reticulophragmoides sp. 5 (Oligocene to Miocene), and Spiroplectammina navarroana Cushman emended herein (Maastrichtian to lower middle Eocene). The last occurrences of these taxa are important elements in the high-resolution probabilistic biozonations for the Labrador and North Sea basins
The political economy of public spending on education, inequality, and growth
Get PDFPublic provision of education has often been perceived as universal and egalitarian, but in reality it is not. Political pressure typically results in incidence bias in favor of the rich. The author argues that the bias in political influence resulting from extreme income inequalities is particularly likely to generate an incidence bias, which we call social exclusion. This may then lead to a feedback mechanism whereby inequality in the incidence of public spending on education breeds higher income inequality, thus generating multiple equilibria: with social exclusion and high inequality; and with social inclusion and relatively low inequality. The author also shows that the latter equilibrium leads to higher long-run growth than the former. An extension of the basic model reveals that spillover effects among members of social groups differentiated by race or ethnicity may reinforce the support for social exclusion.Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,Decentralization,Economic Theory&Research,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Inequality,Poverty Assessment,Governance Indicators,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Theory&Research
Among creators of a general appeal song – Alfred Gradstein and his worlds
No full textThe article focuses mainly on the history of Alfred Gradstein, as well as touches upon the subject of the impact of World War II on his family. Descriptions of his
protagonists work interspersed with his personal life allow to show his creativity, moral dilemmas and hardships of existence in a full spectrum. Gradstein, a lonely hermit of the Word War II occupation, returns to Poland to satisfy his longing for a collective life, due to Stalinist propaganda. However, the abundant production of
general appeal songs does not necessarily constitute an act of faith, but merely socialist realism, which could have been practised by an opportunist, as much as
a passive victim of environmental osmosis. During his PRL life, he produced melodic, easily assimilated, rhythmic means of persuasion and indoctrination tools for
ideologists and engineers of souls. More effectively than slogan or agitprop, his music seduces, rocks, insidiously disarms the old man and arms the man of the future. Especially the mass song, reproduced collectively, experienced and internalized, reaches the subconscious. They are optimistic, give a new tone and direction, connect and unite a group, give a sense of community, define and approve belonging to a community, blur "class" or other differences, unify and eliminate.NINA TAYLOR-TERLECKA, absolwentka Uniwersytetu Oksfordzkiego (rusycystyka) i londyńskiego (polonistyka), badaczka, tłumaczka. Wykłada literaturę polską na Uniwersytecie Oksfordzkim i na Polskim Uniwersytecie na Obczyźnie. Zajmuje się literaturą porównawczą. Jej dorobek obejmuje kilkaset prac w języku angielskim, polskim i francuskim rozproszonych w książkach zbiorowych i czasopismach naukowych. Interesuje się zwłaszcza byłym Wielkim Księstwem Litewskim, polską literaturą Gułagu, literaturą emigracyjną oraz dramatem romantycznym. Opublikowała antologię: Gułag polskich poetów. Od Komi do Kołymy. Wiersze (Londyn 2001). Ze
spuścizny po Tymonie Terleckim wydała: Emigracja naszego czasu (Lublin 2003); Szkicownik kresowy Rosy Bailly (Przemyśl 2005); Zaproszenie do podróży (Gdańsk 2006), Listy Andrzeja Bobkowskiego do Tymona Terleckiego (Warszawa 2006) oraz korespondencję między Tymonem Terleckim a Józefem Wittlinem: Listy 1944–1976 (Warszawa 2014). Autorka monogra fii The Lithuanian Landscape Tradition in the Novels of Tadeusz Konwicki(Białystok 2018).Oxford, Wielka BrytaniaGradstein A., Quatre miniatures, pour piano. Prélude. Boite à musique. Berceuse. Menuet, Paris: Max Eschig 1929.Lilpop-Krance F., Powroty, Biblioteka „Więzi”, Warszawa 2013.Alfred Gradstein w Paryżu, „Wiadomości Literackie” 1939, nr 1 (793).Faryna-Paszkiewicz H., Opium życia. Niezwykła historia Marii Morskiej, muzy skamandrytów, Warszawa 2008.Alfred Gradstein, inicjator pieśni masowych, „Życie Warszawy”, nr z 8 sierpnia 1950.Fik M., Kultura polska po Jałcie. Kronika lat 1944–1981, Londyn 1989.Kobiela S., Piosenka jest dobra na wszystko. Piosenki lat 50-tych, „Wiadomości Bocheńskie” 2009, nr 1 (80).Gradstein A., Słowo o Stalinie. Kantata do słów Władysława Broniewskiego na chór męski alt (lub baryton) solo oraz orkiestrę symfoniczną. Wyciąg fortepianowy..., Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne, Kraków 1951.Mycielski Z., Gradstein A., Słowo o Stalinie, „Muzyka” 1952, nr 2, s. 5–7.Hendrykowski M., Socrealizm po polsku. Studia i szkice, Poznań 2015.19122
Cheilolejeunea adnata var. autoica Gradstein & Ilkiu-Borges 2009
No full text<p> 2.2. <i>Cheilolejeunea adnata</i> var. <i>autoica</i> Gradstein & Ilkiu-Borges (2009: 64).</p> <p> Type:— FRENCH GUIANA. Sa ̧l, 53°11’W, 3°7’N, trail 3 in lowland rainforest, 200–400 m, on rotten log in much light, 26 June 1986, <i>J.M. Bekker 2233-1</i> (holotype GOET).— Fig. 2N–V. <i>Cheilolejeunea larsenii</i> Mizutani (<i>in</i> Hattori & Mizutani 1969: 95), <i>syn. fide</i> Bastos & Gradstein (2020)</p> <p>Plants dark brown to yellowish brown, 0.5–1.3 mm wide. Stems in cross section 60–110 µm in diameter, 7–8 epidermal cells in cross section, 16–30 × 12–18 µm; 9–10 medullary cells, 8–15 × 7–12 µm. Ventral merophytes 2 cells wide. Leaves imbricate, orbicular to ovate, fully flat, 440–680 × 340–500 µm; margin entire, apex rounded; cells smooth, inconspicuous trigones, intermediate thickenings frequent; basal cells ovate 25–35 × 18–30 µm, median cells 18–32 × 17–25 µm, marginal cells 11–15 × 6–9 µm. Lobules 1/5–1/4 the length of the lobe, bottle-shaped, free margin strongly involute, keel straight to slightly arched, apex with a tooth formed by one long and acute cell. Underleaves distant, suborbicular, 1.5–2.5 x wider than the stem, 220–270 × 170–240 µm, bifid to 1/3–1/2, with a V-shaped sinus, margin entire, base cuneate. Autoicous. Androecia terminal on short or long branch, 3–6 pairs of bracts globose. Gynoecia on short or long branch, without innovations, bracts oblong-obovate, 450 × 330 µm, apex rounded; bracteole oblong-obovate 480 × 250µm, margin entire, bilobed ca. 2/5 its length. Perianth with 4–5 keels, beak short. Vegetative reproduction unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat</b>:—Pantropical, occurring in Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil (Bastos 2017), Central and South Africa, India, and Southeast Asia (Shu <i>et al</i>. 2015); recorded here as new to Panamá. In the study area, the species has been reported for the Puntarenas-Chiriquí province of Pacific dominion, growing in lower montane rainforest, between 1100–2390 m. The record of <i>C. adnata</i> var. <i>autoica</i> occurring in the Páramo (Fig. 3), actually belongs to the Guajira province.</p> <p> <b>Notes</b>:—The variety is very similar to var. <i>adnata</i>, but differs by the absence of caducous leaves and autoicous sexuality. It was initially described by Gradstein & Ilkiu-Borges (2009) and elevated to species level by Shu <i>et al</i>. (2015) and synonymous with <i>C. larsenii</i>, a species described from Thailand. Bastos & Gradstein (2020) again reduced it to varietal level, as they did not consider the differences with <i>C. adnata</i> sufficient for <i>C. larsenii</i> to be recognized as a different species.</p> <p> <b>Specimens examined</b>:— <b>BRAZIL. São Paulo</b>: Ubatuba, 16 February 2004, <i>Yano et al. 26946</i> (SP). <b>Pernambuco</b>: Cabo, 14 November 1984, <i>Yano & Porto 9180</i> (SP). <b>Espírito Santo</b>: Santa Tereza, 23 November 1982, <i>Yano et al. 4911</i> (SP). <b>PANAMÁ</b>. <b>Chiriquí</b>: Boquete, 3 September 1940, <i>Svilha 425</i> (NY). <b>VENEZUELA. Táchira</b>: Parque Nacional El Tamá, 02 March 1976, <i>Schuster & Ruiz-Terán 76-2294</i> (F).</p>Published as part of <i>Gil-Novoa, Jorge Enrique & Costa, Denise Pinheiro, 2023, Synopsis of the species of Cheilolejeunea (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae) in the Pacific dominion and Páramo province of tropical America, pp. 73-120 in Phytotaxa 587 (2)</i> on pages 82-83, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.2.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7731813">http://zenodo.org/record/7731813</a>
Frullania allionii Steph., Sp. Hepat.
No full textFrullania allionii Steph., Sp. Hepat. 4: 394. 1910, syn. nov. Lectotypus (designated here): ECUADOR. Prov. Morona Santiago: Gualaquiza, “in arbore silvae supra hacienda Vega”, 900 m, 13.II.1909, Allioni s.n. [Bryo. Levier 6443] (G [G00066795]!). Syntypi: ibid. loco, “forêt Liuriapa, saxicola”, 900 m, 20.VIII.1909, Allioni s.n. [Bryo. Levier 6444] (G [G00128070]!); ibid. loco, s.d., Allioni s.n. [Bryo. Levier 6565] (G [G00128071]!); ibid. loco, Bomboiza, “ad saxum erraticum vulgo “La Mesa” prope Missionariorum domum”, 900 m, 23.II.1910, Allioni 281 (G [G00128072]!). = Frullania ericoides (Nees) Nees Notes. – Frullania allionii is similar in all respects to the common, pantropical F. ericoides, a species standing out by brittle, squarrose leaves, lobules usually explanate (rarely helmet-shaped), and perianths with numerous small scales, lacinia or tubercles on the surface (SCHUSTER, 1992). The specimen in Bryo. Levier 6443 is chosen here as the lectotype of F. allionii as it was illustrated in STEPHANI (1985: tab. 3403).Published as part of Gradstein, S. Robbert & Pérez, Álvaro J., 2021, In the footsteps of Michel Allioni: Liverworts and hornworts from the surroundings of Gualaquiza (Ecuador), pp. 41-54 in Candollea 76 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.15553/c2021v761a3, http://zenodo.org/record/572493
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