1,721,158 research outputs found
The Cartesian-Leibnizian Turing Test
No full textThe chapter examines the debate around the experimental validation of computer simulations of intelligent behavior. Under which conditions can we consider a machine intelligent? Since Turing’s original test, researchers have developed several criteria that have often generated lively debates about their adequacy. The author offers a new perspective. He recommends that we locate the evolution of Turing’s ideas in the historical development of the epistemology of ai. By showing that we might interpret contemporary criteria such as “behavior,” “formalism,” and “realism” as technical and pragmatical reformulations of philosophical conceptions of the mind that philosophers such as especially Descartes and Leibniz developed during the modern era, the author offers some reflections toward a hopefully fruitful new awareness and reemployment of those concepts
Entangling Effective Procedures: From Logic Machines to Quantum Automata
No full textTuring machines and Godel's incompleteness results take classical determinism to its limits by showing the extent to which symbolic knowledge can grow inside a nite state closed system. Those limits overlap with classical physics'. To master intelligence, machines must appear to behave as if they had "free will". Insofar as such a behaviour depends on randomness and interference, that appearance of free will can result from quantum physics. As it is bound to the changeable and unpredictable system-observer interaction, knowledge emerging out of quantum physics cannot be comprised in any closed system. However, it might be grasped through a hierarchy of measurements performable by a "quantum automaton"
Turing Computability and Leibniz Computability
No full textThe chapter discusses the concept of Turing-computability from the point of view of mathematical constructivism and with the help of Leibniz’s conception of computation. The author suggests that even within the domain of constructivist approaches to mathematics (as Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass defined them), the use of random choice produces computations that bypass the limitations of Turing-computability. Ever since its inception, ai has identified computation with Turing’s formalization of it, while the notion that mainstream computer science uses has been more flexible and more aware of its limitations. The close relationship between Turing-computability and the simulations of intelligent behavior that Artificial Intelligence attempts raises the possibility that a broader conception of computability may substantially renew the theoretical framework we use to model cognitive behavior
On the Historical Dynamics of Cognitive Science: a View from the Periphery
No full textFrom the very beginning of ai, a constant fluctuation among different focal points—the methodological, the ontological, and the epistemological—has characterized its historical development. Over time, the core interests of many researchers shifted towards the edge; what was once in the spotlight, slipped into a dark zone; the center became periphery. Conversely, returns to the center from the
the periphery or even from the outer regions became the norm. Indeed, Artificial Intelligence has displayed a peculiarly non-straightforward history.
Is there a reason, we may ask, behind these rapid and frequent shifts? The authors believe that even a cursory examination of the temporal evolutions of the “science of the mind” may teach us some lessons about the forces at work behind its historical vicissitudes, and provide indications about the dynamics of the discipline that we may find useful for present and future reference. Cognitive science appears to be endowed with peculiar epistemological features that not only caused those oscillations, but also led to an unusual relationship between the current and the previous status of scientific research
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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