561 research outputs found
Endemic diseases and agricultural productivity: Challenges and policy response
No full textContrary to Asian countries, the agricultural sector in Africa had not benefited from the green revolution success. After a long time of disinterest in the agriculture sector in Africa, several voices arise now in favour of greater efforts towards this sector. Several studies tend to show the crucial role of agriculture in African countries' growth and highlight the huge need of increasing the productivity in this sector. If increase in agriculture productivity requires both an expansion of irrigated areas and the adoption of high yield varieties, those innovations and their high development could be the source of negative health (and environmental) effects. Using a mega-analysis, this paper highlights first the links between health, disease and development and then agricultural productivity. The literature review shows that the negative effect of bad health was not systematically checked, and that the intensity of this effect depends of the disease, but also of the work productivity and the existence or not of a coping process. The second part of the paper focused on the development of high intensive agriculture as a risk factor for farmers' and rural inhabitants' health. This survey shows that whether irrigation and fertilizer and pest intensive use could be considered as highly health (and environmental) risk factors, appropriate control measures (such as for examples systematic maintenance of irrigation canals, alternate wetting and drying of irrigated fields or integrated pest management) considerably reduce this risk, while at the same time, increase the agriculture productivity.agriculture;productivity;endemic disease;health risk factor;Africa
Endemic diseases and agricultural productivity: Challenges and policy response
No full textContrary to Asian countries, the agricultural sector in Africa had not benefited from the green revolution success. After a long time of disinterest in the agriculture sector in Africa, several voices arise now in favour of greater efforts towards this sector. Several studies tend to show the crucial role of agriculture in African countries’ growth and highlight the huge need of increasing the productivity in this sector. If increase in agriculture productivity requires both an expansion of irrigated areas and the adoption of high yield varieties, those innovations and their high development could be the source of negative health (and environmental) effects. Using a mega-analysis, this paper highlights first the links between health, disease and development and then agricultural productivity. The literature review shows that the negative effect of bad health was not systematically checked, and that the intensity of this effect depends of the disease, but also of the work productivity and the existence or not of a coping process. The second part of the paper focused on the development of high intensive agriculture as a risk factor for farmers’ and rural inhabitants’ health. This survey shows that whether irrigation and fertilizer and pest intensive use could be considered as highly health (and environmental) risk factors, appropriate control measures (such as for examples systematic maintenance of irrigation canals, alternate wetting and drying of irrigated fields or integrated pest management) considerably reduce this risk, while at the same time, increase the agriculture productivity.agriculture, productivity, endemic disease, health risk factor, Africa
The Generalized Linear Sampling Method for limited aperture measurements
No full textInternational audienceWe extend the so-called qeneralized Linear Sampling Method (GLSM) to the case of limited aperture data at a fixed frequency.in this case thefactorization of the samplig operatort does not obey the symmetry required in the justification of the GLSM introduced in Audibert-Haddar [Inverse Problems, 2014]. We propose a new formulation by adding an extra penalty term that asymptotically correct the non symmetry of the GLSM original penalty term. The analysis of the new formulation is first presented in an abstact frmeworkF e then show how to pply our setting to the slr W prolem with fr eld mesurements or ner eld mesurements on limited pertureF e nlly IH vlidte the method through some numeril tests in two dimensions nd for fr eld mesurementsF II Key words. snverse sttering prolemsD viner mpling wethodD qenerlized viner mpling wethodD pE IP toriztion wethodD ulittive methods I
Histoire et situation actuelle des collections malacologiques de Gaspard Michaud (1795-1880)
No full textA research of the Michaud material, based principally on the biography documentation given by Locard (1893) and Nussac (1909), has been managed in link with the French institutions dealing with a possible sheltering of parts of the collection of this author. The "first Michaud collection" effectively deposited in Lyon Museum in 1866 seems to have been conserved in full by this institution. The "second Michaud collection", holding the best parts of the Michaud material and said to have been yielded by Brive Museum in 1910, is only represented now through a limited amount in this institution, the remaining of this collection being considered as lost. The researches performed about the occurrence of Michaud material in the Linnean Society of Lyon and in Mâcon Museum allow to establish the total loss of this material in these institutions. A small collection of fossils has been located in the Sciences Faculty of Lyon. Except about few specimens included in other historic collections, the Museums of Paris, Angers and Marseilles do not hold any series attributable to the Michaud's original collections.Une recherche du matériel Michaud, s 'appuyant principalement sur les éléments de biographie fournis par Locard (1893) et Nussac (1909), a été effectuée auprès de l'ensemble des institutions françaises susceptibles d'héberger des parties de la collection de cet auteur. La «première collection Michaud » effectivement remise au Muséum de Lyon en 1866 semble avoir été conservée dans son intégralité par cette institution. La «seconde collection Michaud », contenant les meilleures parties du matériel Michaud et réputée avoir été cédée au Musée de Brive en 1910, n'est plus représentée que par quelques fragments dans cette institution, le restant de cette collection devant être considéré comme perdu. Les recherches effectuées permettent d'établir que le matériel Michaud déposé à la Société Linnéenne de Lyon et au Musée de Mâcon a été perdu dans son intégralité par ces différentes institutions. Une petite collection de fossiles déposée à la Faculté des Sciences de Lyon a pu être localisée. Mis à part quelques spécimens pouvant provenir de Michaud à l'intérieur d'autres collections historiques, les Muséums de Paris, d'Angers et de Marseille ne détiennent aucune série attribuable aux collections originales de Michaud.Boyer Franck, Audibert Cédric. Histoire et situation actuelle des collections malacologiques de Gaspard Michaud (1795-1880). In: Cahiers scientifiques du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Lyon - Centre de conservation et d'étude des collections, tome 13, 2007. Les collections malacologiques anciennes : outils d'histoire et de science. Cédric Audibert. pp. 111-128
Histoire et situation actuelle des collections malacologiques de Gaspard Michaud (1795-1880)
No full textA research of the Michaud material, based principally on the biography documentation given by Locard (1893) and Nussac (1909), has been managed in link with the French institutions dealing with a possible sheltering of parts of the collection of this author. The "first Michaud collection" effectively deposited in Lyon Museum in 1866 seems to have been conserved in full by this institution. The "second Michaud collection", holding the best parts of the Michaud material and said to have been yielded by Brive Museum in 1910, is only represented now through a limited amount in this institution, the remaining of this collection being considered as lost. The researches performed about the occurrence of Michaud material in the Linnean Society of Lyon and in Mâcon Museum allow to establish the total loss of this material in these institutions. A small collection of fossils has been located in the Sciences Faculty of Lyon. Except about few specimens included in other historic collections, the Museums of Paris, Angers and Marseilles do not hold any series attributable to the Michaud's original collections.Une recherche du matériel Michaud, s 'appuyant principalement sur les éléments de biographie fournis par Locard (1893) et Nussac (1909), a été effectuée auprès de l'ensemble des institutions françaises susceptibles d'héberger des parties de la collection de cet auteur. La «première collection Michaud » effectivement remise au Muséum de Lyon en 1866 semble avoir été conservée dans son intégralité par cette institution. La «seconde collection Michaud », contenant les meilleures parties du matériel Michaud et réputée avoir été cédée au Musée de Brive en 1910, n'est plus représentée que par quelques fragments dans cette institution, le restant de cette collection devant être considéré comme perdu. Les recherches effectuées permettent d'établir que le matériel Michaud déposé à la Société Linnéenne de Lyon et au Musée de Mâcon a été perdu dans son intégralité par ces différentes institutions. Une petite collection de fossiles déposée à la Faculté des Sciences de Lyon a pu être localisée. Mis à part quelques spécimens pouvant provenir de Michaud à l'intérieur d'autres collections historiques, les Muséums de Paris, d'Angers et de Marseille ne détiennent aucune série attribuable aux collections originales de Michaud.Boyer Franck, Audibert Cédric. Histoire et situation actuelle des collections malacologiques de Gaspard Michaud (1795-1880). In: Cahiers scientifiques du Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Lyon - Centre de conservation et d'étude des collections, tome 13, 2007. Les collections malacologiques anciennes : outils d'histoire et de science. Cédric Audibert. pp. 111-128
Length of pushing efforts: pushing is not playing. Reply to the article of C. Le Ray and F. Audibert
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this work is to answer constructively to C. Le Ray and F. Audibert who were surprised that the French guidelines recommended an assisted delivery after 30 min pushing, even if the fetal heart rate is reassuring. We first resumed the definition of "second stage of labor", this word including the first phase with no pushing efforts and the second phase with active pushing of the mother. With that definition, the length of the second stage is around 60 min for the primipara and 20 min for the multipara, this length being modified by the use of peridural. We then specified the physiological mechanisms influencing the acidobasic equilibrium during the pushing time. Those mechanisms are difficult to consider because foetal heart rate monitoring is often "lost" during that phase. Altogether, these factors bring incertitude about progressive foetal acidosis and incapacity to diagnose it. Finally, the literature analysis teaches us that increasing the second stage of labor (inactive plus active phases) during the normal pregnancy seems to be at low risk for the foetus within the primiparas, but display a risk for the mother and so might be limited. Comparing the delayed pushing with the immediate pushing only lead us to conclude that delayed pushing is dangerous, as is prolonged second stage. In conclusion, we think that prolonging the second stage of labor is possible but must be by increasing the inactive first phase of the second stage, especially as long as we will not get a noninvasive and reliable method allowing assessing the well-being of the foetus
L'art de faire le vin avec les raisins secs / par Joseph Audibert
No full text8me éd., rev., corr. augm. renfermant, avec les innovations faites depuis les premières éditions ...Physical description: [4], vii, [1], 302, [2] p. : ill. ; 21 cmLocation of original: Center for Historical Social Science Literature, Hitotsubashi University -- Call no. : Franklin:42Technical requirements: DjVu plugin is required to read text
Endemic Diseases and Development: Introduction and Overview
No full textEvidence abounds to support the view that while health, measured by life expectancy, had improved, and converged in the world, the income or economic prosperity did not. Recent literature tried to show that poor health and endemic diseases in Africa may constitute a barrier to growth. However, the connections between health and economic development are controversial. The papers presented in this volume deal with this issue and discuss the different channels by which diseases affect the economy and how adequate policy may improve health. The first paper by T. Paul Schultz on health human capital and economic development analyses the interrelations between health and economic development raising the difficulty of estimating those connections due to some methodological constraints. He also shows the importance of distinguishing between the technology of 'health production functions' and the relationship between an individual's stock of health and her or his economic productivity, duration of life and returns to health human capital. He underlines that in low-income countries and specifically in Africa, improvements in nutrition and control of endemic diseases concentrated in childhood were relatively cheap and have contributed to a convergence of lifespan. And the prior reduction in childhood illnesses may itself contribute to improved adult health outcomes later in the life, such as to increase their potential economic productivity as adults. The second paper by D. Weil on endemic diseases and African economic growth argues about the need for investing more in health in Africa, as the actual income gain from better health and endemic disease elimination is large. Considering that the burden of diseases is not only a public health matter but also an economic matter, the author focuses on the effect of diseases on economic growth. He shows that its effects act through numerous channels at different time horizons. A simulation model that may describe these channels at the aggregate level is then discussed. The third paper by M. Audibert on endemic diseases and agricultural productivity confirms, like Schultz and Weil did, that connections between health, measured here by endemic diseases, and economic prosperity, are controversial. She shows that the magnitude of the economic effect of diseases depends on the disease itself, the worker productivity and the existence or not of coping mechanisms. She also examines the reverse causation of the association by wondering whether intensive agriculture may be a risk factor for health. Copyright 2010 The author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected], Oxford University Press.
Income Growth, Price Variation and Health Care Demand: A Mixed Logit Model Applied to Tow-period Comparison in Rural China
No full text1989-2006 is a period of the start and the end of deregulation of Chinese health care sector and of disintegration of rural cooperative insurance system. During this period, the government health policy has turned healthcare providers all alike into profit seeking entities. Face to perverse effects, by 2003, Chinese government begun to restore rural cooperative insurance system. From CHNS data source, we constitute two samples: 89-93 and 04-06 with respectively 2117 and 2594 rural patients surveyed roughly in the same villages in 9 Chinese provinces to compare their health choice behaviors with the evolution of price, income, distance, insurance, age, and regional inequality. Using Mixed Multinomial Logit (MMNL) estimations, we have obtained three main results. First, even in both periods there is clear price effect, in 04-06 it tends to be weaker, and heterogeneity in price preference has increased. This corresponds well the fact that between the two periods price level has significantly increased and price variation reduced. Second, there is a stronger negative distance effect and heterogeneity in 2004-06, while in 89-93 this negative impact was lower and absent for providers farther than 10km. One interpretation is the existence of a substitution effect: when patients have less possibility to discriminate providers by price, they increase their preference in choice by distance. Third, while, wealth effect exists in some choices in 89-93, it becomes absent in 04-06. Explanations may be that one the one hand both supply side and demand side conditions on health care have been improved even, to less extent though, for the poor, and on the other hand, health care is necessary goods and is price inelastic. But meanwhile, we observed catastrophic effect for the poor: the poorer patients have their share of consumption in income more decreased after health care.Empirical approach, health care demand, mixed logit model, insurance, China
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