610 research outputs found
The Institute for Religious works: key features of financial intermediation
No full textCorresponding author: F. Arnaboldi, email: [email protected]. While the paper is the result of intense collaboration between the two authors, sections 3 is attributable to F. Arnaboldi and section 1 and 2 to B. Rossignoli. Section 4 is a joint effort. The authors wish to thank P. Mottura and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. All errors are ours. Article peer reviewed.SUMMARY: 1. Introduction – 2. Background to anti-money laundering – 3. Financial intermediation, 2011–2014 – 4. Conclusion
Unconventional electrochemical approaches for chiral recognition
No full textThe concept of inherent chirality has gained considerable attention due to the possible synthesis of π-conjugated monomers that can be employed for preparing chiral electrode surfaces after electrooligomerization [1]. These materials have been used in enantiorecognition measurements involving chiral analytes, resulting in high selectivity based on diastereomeric interactions between the deposited enantiopure antipode and the probes dissolved in solution. In this context the high enantioselectivity of such chiral surfaces was used in combination with the mechanical and electrical properties of polypyrrole (Ppy) films to develop three new straightforward read-outs for the absolute on-off recognition of enantiomers of a chiral probe in solution; i) electromechanical deformation (a) [2], ii) electrochemically induced light emission (b) [3] and iii) self-induced enantioselective trajectories (c) [4]. These new approaches allow to convert chiral information present at the molecular level into macroscopic actuation, light emission or controlled trajectories. Furthermore, such systems allow correlating the output signal with the concentration of the enantiomers present in solution, even in the case of mixtures containing different ratios of the molecular antipodes.
[1] Arnaboldi, S.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Kutner, W.; Magni, M.; Mussini, P. R.; Noworyta, K.; Sannicolo,̀ F. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 1706− 1711.
[2] Arnaboldi, S.; Gupta, B.; Benincori, T.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Kuhn, A. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 10042−10047.
[3] Salinas, G.; Arnaboldi, S.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Benincori, T.; Kuhn, A. Chirality 2021, 33, 875-882.
[4] Arnaboldi, S.; Salinas, G.; Karajic, A.; Garrigue, P.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Bichon, S.; Gounel, S.; Mano, N.; Kuhn, A. Nat. Chem. 2021, 13, 1241-1247.
Keywords: (inherent)chirality; bipolar electrochemistry, chiral actuator, chiral swimmers, light emitting diodes
This work has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON-ERC-2021 program (grant agreement no 101040798, ERC Starting Grant CHEIR
Enantiorecognition towards L- and D-DOPA on easy-to-prepare inherently chiral film electrodes
No full textWe have recently shown [1,2] that oligomers endowed with “inherent chirality” display high chirality manifestations plus a pool of unprecedented properties. In particular, in the very last months we have demonstrated that electrooligomerization (especially in ionic liquids) of our inherently chiral monomers on screen-printed electrodes and on glassy carbon tip electrodes affords inherently chiral electroactive films of outstanding enantiodiscrimination ability towards a series of chiral probes of quite different bulkiness and chemical nature (also of pharmaceutical interest like DOPA, common antibiotics and FANS) [3]. The general validity of the "inherent chirality" concept has been confirmed by characterizing monomers and related films based on different atropisomeric biheteroaromatic scaffolds (i.e. bis-benzothiophene, bis-indole, and “all thiophene” core). In this work the enantiorecognition ability of our smart films towards L- and D-DOPA will be presented focusing on the variation in voltammetric peak separation of the probe enantiomers when changing i) the medium (e.g. increasing pH, figure below), ii) the nature of electrode material and iii) the probe carboxylic unit (i.e. DOPA methyl ester). The impressive enantiomer peak potential separation combined with the peak current linear dynamic ranges enables to estimate enantiomeric excesses in probe enantiomeric
mixtures. Such synthetic electrode surfaces able to neatly discriminate the antipodes of chiral probes as separate peaks are unprecedented in literature, opening the way to the development of
efficient chiral voltammetric sensors. This work was supported by Fondazione Cariplo (Grant no. 2011-0417)
[1] F. Sannicolò, S. Arnaboldi et al. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., 53 (2014),
2623
[2] F. Sannicolò, P. R. Mussini, S. Arnaboldi et al. Chemistry-A European Journal
10, (2014), 15261
[3] S. Arnaboldi et al. Chemical Science, 6 (2015), 170
Chirality transfer across length scales
No full textChiral electrochemistry, including enantioselective electroanalysis and enantioselective electrosynthesis, is a quite explored area of research, but with a huge applicative potential yet to be studied.
Considering that chirality makes electrochemical processes smarter and applicable to issues of much higher added value we focused our attention on the characterization of new classes of inherently chiral materials. Inherent chirality is an intrinsic property of a molecule, propagating in the 2D and 3D space, which provides specific characteristics to the resulting material, obtained after depositing it on an electrode surface or after adding it as a chiral additive in a solution. Employing such molecules in enantioselective analysis, we have obtained for the first time a separation between the enantiomers of chiral probes (even drugs in complex matrix) in terms of peak potential values, testing racemic mixtures of the enantiomers of chiral drugs, and evaluating the enantiomeric excesses [1]. Starting from this point, by the optimization of the experimental conditions, several inherently chiral compounds with chemically different atropoisomeric scaffold and stereogenic elements, were synthetized and characterized, in order to be exploited in different fields (i.e. chiral electroanalysis, spintronics). Recently, the attractive and far unexplored potentialities of these systems, were also exploited in the field of bipolar electrochemistry, allowing to correlate a dynamic macro and microscopic event with the concentration of the enantiomers present in solution [2-5]. The efficient combination of the two approaches, the molecular static event with the macroscopic dynamic one, allowed me to be awarded with the prestigious ERC StG with the acronym “CHEIR”, a project funded by European Committee for five years. The global aim of such project is to achieve with unprecedented efficiency the propagation of chiral information along different length scales, based on the synergy of well-chosen molecular ingredients and physicochemical engineering. Such ambitious aim will be realized developing cargo-towing (synthetic) electro-pumps based on chiral conducting polymers for targeted drug-delivery applications.
[1] Arnaboldi, S.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Kutner, W.; Magni, M.; Mussini, P. R.; Noworyta, K.; Sannicolò, F. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 1706.
[2] Arnaboldi, S.; Gupta, B.; Benincori, T.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Kuhn, A. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 10042.
[3] Arnaboldi, S.; Salinas, G.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Benincori, T.; Kuhn, A. Biosens. and Bioelectron. 2022, 218, 114740.
[4] Arnaboldi, S.; Salinas, G.; Karajic, A.; Garrigue, P.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Bichon, S.; Gounel, S.; Mano, N.; Kuhn, A. Nat. Chem. 2021, 13, 1241.
[5] Arnaboldi, S.; Salinas, G.; Bonetti, G.; Garrigue, P.; Cirilli, R.; Benincori, T.; Kuhn, A. Angew. Chem. 2022, 134, e202209098.
This work has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON-ERC-2021 program (grant agreement no 101040798, ERC Starting Grant CHEIR
Panoramic overview of unconventional approaches to detect chiral information
No full textThe concept of inherent chirality has gained considerable attention due to the possible synthesis of π-conjugated monomers that can be employed for preparing chiral electrode surfaces after electrooligomerization [1]. These materials have been used in enantiorecognition measurements involving chiral analytes, resulting in high selectivity based on diastereomeric interactions between the deposited enantiopure antipode and the probes dissolved in solution. In this context the high enantioselectivity of such chiral surfaces was used in combination with the mechanical and electrical properties of polypyrrole (Ppy) films to develop three new straightforward read-outs for the absolute on-off recognition of enantiomers of a chiral probe in solution; i) electromechanical deformation (a) [2], ii) electrochemically induced light emission (b) [3] and iii) self-induced enantioselective trajectories (c) [4]. These new approaches allow to convert chiral information present at the molecular level into macroscopic actuation, light emission or controlled trajectories. Furthermore, such systems allow correlating the output signal with the concentration of the enantiomers present in solution, even in the case of mixtures containing different ratios of the molecular antipodes.
This work has been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the HORIZON-ERC-2021 program (grant agreement no 101040798, ERC Starting Grant CHEIR)
[1] Arnaboldi, S.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Kutner, W.; Magni, M.; Mussini, P. R.; Noworyta, K.; Sannicolo,̀ F. Chemical Science, 2015, 6, 1706− 1711.
[2] Arnaboldi, S.; Gupta, B.; Benincori, T.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Kuhn, A. Analytical Chemistry, 2020, 92, 10042−10047.
[3] Salinas, G.; Arnaboldi, S.; Bonetti, G.; Cirilli, R.; Benincori, T.; Kuhn, A. Chirality, 2021, 33, 875-882.
[4] Arnaboldi, S.; Salinas, G.; Karajic, A.; Garrigue, P.; Benincori, T.; Cirilli, R.; Bichon, S.; Gounel, S.; Mano, N.; Kuhn, A. Nature chemistry, 2021, 13, 1241-1247
Enantiomer discrimination in voltammetry in media of high structural order at the electrochemical interphase implemented with chirality
No full textEnantiomer discrimination in voltammetry in media of high structural order at the electrochemical interphase implemented with chirality
Patrizia Romana Mussini, Sara Grecchi, Serena Arnaboldi
Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano
Discrimination of the enantiomers of electroactive chiral molecules in voltammetry is a fascinating frontier target. Of course the necessary condition to achieve it is that the two enantiomers undergo electron transfer in energetically different conditions. Since in an achiral context they would have identical physico chemical properties and thus also identical voltammetry features, this requires the implementation at the electrode|solution interphase of a suitable enantiopure chiral selector.
The so far most popular strategy consists in working on chiral electrode surfaces, and an impressive variety of approaches has been proposed [1,2]. However, working on achiral electrodes with chirality implemented in the medium has also been proposed [1,3], and very recent experiments have highlighted that this approach can yield outstanding discrimination in terms of potential differences for the enantiomers of chiral electroactive probes, when working in media of high structural order at the charged interphase, like ionic liquids ILs [3-7] and deep eutectic solvents DESs [8], implemented with chirality [5,6,9] or, even better, inherent chirality [4,7,8].
Such achievements will be comparatively presented and commented in terms of IL and DES structural order at the interphase (also compared to classical media and to ionic liquids / ionic liquid crystals [9]) as well as of possibility of probe/selector specific interactions.
Support to our chiral electroanalysis research line by Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia as well as by Università degli Studi di Milano is gratefully acknowledged.
[1] S. Arnaboldi, M. Magni, P.R. Mussini, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2018, 8, 60-72. (minireview)
[2] S. Arnaboldi, M. Magni, S. Grecchi, P.R. Mussini, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2018, 7, 188-189. (minireview)
[3] S. Grecchi, S. Arnaboldi, P.R. Mussini, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., accepted May 2021. (minireview)
[4] S. Rizzo, S. Arnaboldi, V. Mihali, R. Cirilli, A. Forni, A. Gennaro, A. A. Isse, M. Pierini, P. R. Mussini, F. Sannicolò, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 2079 –2082.
[5] M. Longhi, S. Arnaboldi, E. Husanu, S. Grecchi, I. F. Buzzi, R. Cirilli, S. Rizzo, C. Chiappe, P. R. Mussini, L. Guazzelli, Electrochim. Acta 2019, 298, 194-209.
[6] S. Grecchi, C. Ferdeghini, M. Longhi, A. Mezzetta, L. Guazzelli, S. Khawthong, F. Arduini, C. Chiappe, A. Iuliano, P. R. Mussini, ChemElectroChem 2021.
[7] S. Rizzo, S. Arnaboldi, R. Cirilli, A. Gennaro, A. A. Isse, F. Sannicolò, P. R. Mussini, Electrochem. Commun. 2018, 89 57-61
[8] F. Fontana, G. Carminati, B. Bertolotti, P. R. Mussini, S. Arnaboldi, S. Grecchi, R. Cirilli, L. Micheli, S. Rizzo, Molecules 2021, 26, 311-324.
[9] S. Arnaboldi, A. Mezzetta, S. Grecchi, M. Longhi, E. Emanuele, S. Rizzo, F. Arduini, L. Micheli, L. Guazzelli, P. R. Mussini, Electrochim. Acta 202
Electroactive Inherently Chiral Surfaces at Work: Clues Toward the Elucidation of the Enantioselection Mechanism
No full textChirality is a concept strictly related to life and to its evolution. Capability to discriminate antipodes and/or produce enantiopure chiral chemicals through cheap and efficient protocols is a crucial task for our modern civilization. So identification of increasingly effective and robust chiral selectors is a challenging task also for the electrochemical community [1,2].
In this frame our research group is working on the so called “inherently chiral functional molecular materials”, ICFMMs; the idea is simple: make the stereogenic element responsible for chirality coincident with the functional group responsible for the material specific property (Figure, left). This approach has constituted an actual breakthrough in chiral electrochemistry, resulting in the preparation of efficient chiral electroactive surfaces [3,4,5] (and chiral additives/media, too [6]) invariably characterized by outstanding enantiodiscrimination ability in quite different working conditions and with chemically different chiral electroactive analytes. Notwithstanding plenty of proofs pointing to a general validity of the ICFMMs concept, a clear rationalization of the enantiodiscrimination mechanism still lacks.
To fill the gap a deeper knowledge of the behavior of our electrodeposited chiral films is mandatory. As a first step some of the most important experimental parameters governing the growth of the conductive coatings have been changed, one by one, to evaluate their impact on the morphological, optical and electronic properties of the final deposit. Results of the multi-technique characterization will be discussed, including profilometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (Figure, right) and spectroelectrochemistry data, all aimed to collect clues useful to rationalize the way in which ICFMMs work.
The support of Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia (Project 2016-0923) and SmartMatLab are gratefully acknowledged.
References:
[1] S. Arnaboldi, M. Magni, P. Mussini, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 2018, 8, 60.
[2] S. Arnaboldi, S. Grecchi, M. Magni, P. Mussini, Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 2018, 7, 188.
[3] F. Sannicolò, P.R. Mussini, T. Benincori, R. Martinazzo, S. Arnaboldi, G. Appoloni, M. Panigati, E. Quartapelle Procopio, V. Marino, R. Cirilli, S. Casolo, W. Kutner, K. Noworyta, A. Pietrzyk-Le, Z. Iskierko, K. Bartold, Chem. Eur. J., 2016, 22, 10839.
[4] S. Arnaboldi, P.R. Mussini, M. Magni, F. Sannicolò, T. Benincori, R. Cirilli, K. Noworyta, W. Kutner, Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 1706.
[5] F. Sannicolò, S. Arnaboldi, T. Benincori, V. Bonometti, R. Cirilli, L. Dunsch, W. Kutner, G. Longhi, P.R. Mussini, M. Panigati, M. Pierini, S. Rizzo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 2623.
[6] S. Rizzo S. Arnaboldi, V. Mihali, R. Cirilli, A. Forni, A. Gennaro, A.A. Isse, M. Pierini, P.R. Mussini, F. Sannicolò, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2017, 56, 2079
Enantiomer discrimination in voltammetry in media of high structural order at the electrochemical interphase implemented with chirality
No full textDiscrimination of the enantiomers of electroactive chiral molecules in voltammetry is a fascinating frontier target. Of course the necessary condition to achieve it is that the two enantiomers undergo electron transfer in energetically different conditions. Since in an achiral context they would have identical physico chemical properties and thus also identical voltammetry features, this requires the implementation at the electrode|solution interphase of a suitable enantiopure chiral selector.
The so far most popular strategy consists in working on chiral electrode surfaces, and an impressive variety of approaches has been proposed [1,2]. However, working on achiral electrodes with chirality implemented in the medium has also been proposed [1], and very recent experiments have highlighted that this approach can yield outstanding discrimination in terms of potential differences for the enantiomers of chiral electroactive probes, when working in media of high structural order at the charged interphase, like ionic liquids ILs [3-7] and deep eutectic solvents DESs [8], implemented with chirality [3,4,8] or, even better, inherent chirality [5-7].
Such achievements will be comparatively presented and commented in terms of IL and DES structural order at the interphase (also compared to classical media and to ionic liquids / ionic liquid crystals [9]) as well as of possibility of probe/selector specific interactions.
Support to our chiral electroanalysis research line by Fondazione Cariplo/Regione Lombardia as well as by Università degli Studi di Milano is gratefully acknowledged.
[1] S. Arnaboldi, M. Magni, P.R. Mussini, Enantioselective selectors for chiral electrochemistry and electroanalysis: Stereogenic elements and enantioselection performance, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 8 (2018) 60-72. (minireview)
[2] S. Arnaboldi, M. Magni, S. Grecchi, P.R. Mussini, Electroactive chiral oligo- and polymer layers for electrochemical recognition, Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 7 (2018) 188-189. (minireview)
[3] M. Longhi, S. Arnaboldi, E. Husanu, S. Grecchi, I. FrancoBuzzi, R. Cirilli, S. Rizzo, C. Chiappe, P. R. Mussini, L. Guazzelli, A family of chiral ionic liquids from the natural pool: Relationships between structure and functional properties and electrochemical enantiodiscrimination tests, Electrochim. Acta 298 (2019) 194-209.
[4] S. Grecchi, C. Ferdeghini, M. Longhi, A. Mezzetta, L. Guazzelli, S. Khawthong, F. Arduini, C. Chiappe, A. Iuliano, P. R. Mussini, Chiral biobased ionic liquids with cations or anions including bile acid building blocks as chiral selectors in voltammetry, ChemElectroChem accepted March 2021.
[5] S. Rizzo, S. Arnaboldi, V. Mihali, R. Cirilli, A. Forni, A. Gennaro, A. A. Isse, M. Pierini, P. R. Mussini, F. Sannicolò, “Inherently Chiral” Ionic‐Liquid Media: Effective Chiral Electroanalysis on Achiral Electrodes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 2079 –2082.
[6] S. Rizzo, S. Arnaboldi, R. Cirilli, A. Gennaro, A. A. Isse, F. Sannicolò, P. R. Mussini, An “inherently chiral” 1,1′-bibenzimidazolium additive for enantioselective voltammetry in ionic liquid media, Electrochem. Commun. 89 (2018), 57-61
[7] F. Fontana, G. Carminati, B. Bertolotti, P. R. Mussini, S. Arnaboldi, S. Grecchi, R. Cirilli, L. Micheli, S. Rizzo, Helicity: A Non-Conventional Stereogenic Element for Designing Inherently Chiral Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Enantiodifferentiation, Molecules 26 (2021) 311-324.
[8] S. Arnaboldi, A. Mezzetta, S. Grecchi, M. Longhi, E. Emanuele, S. Rizzo, F. Arduini, L. Micheli, L. Guazzelli, P. R. Mussini, Natural-based chiral task-specific deep eutectic solvents: a novel, effective tool for enantiodiscrimination in electroanalysis, Electrochim. Acta accepted March 2021.
[9] S. Grecchi, S. Arnaboldi, S. Rizzo, P. R. Mussini Advanced chiral molecular media for enantioselective electrochemistry and electroanalysis (minireview), soon to be submitted.
NOTA: Si tratta di abstract inviato, che è stato in seguito definito "invited lecture" (e così inserito nel programma) dall'organizzatore del simposio in cui è stato presentato
Enantiorecognition towards L- and D-DOPA on easy-to-prepare inherently chiral film electrodes
No full textWe have recently shown1,2 that oligomers endowed with “inherent chirality” display high chirality manifestations plus a pool of unprecedented properties. In particular, in the very last months we have
demonstrated that electrooligomerization (especially in ionic liquids) of our inherently chiral monomers on screen‐printed electrodes and on glassy carbon tip electrodes affords inherently chiral electroactive films of outstanding enantiodiscrimination ability towards a series of chiral probes of quite different bulkiness and chemical nature (also of pharmaceutical interest like DOPA, common antibiotics and FANS)3. The general validity of the "inherent chirality" concept has been confirmed by characterizing monomers and related films based on different atropisomeric biheteroaromatic scaffolds (i.e. bis‐benzothiophene, bis‐indole, and “all thiophene” core). In this work the enantiorecognition ability of our smart films towards L‐ and D‐DOPA will be presented focusing on the variation in voltammetric peak separation of the probe enantiomers when changing i) the medium (e.g. increasing pH), ii) the nature of electrode material and iii) the probe carboxylic unit (i.e. DOPA
methyl ester). The impressive enantiomer peak potential separation combined with the peak current linear dynamic ranges enables to estimate enantiomeric excesses in probe enantiomeric mixtures. Such synthetic electrode surfaces able to neatly discriminate the antipodes of chiral probes as separate peaks are unprecedented in literature, opening the way to the development of efficient chiral voltammetric sensors.
Figure. Effect of the variation in the pH medium on the enantiorecognition ability of our bithianaphthene‐based (BT2‐T4)n inherently chiral electrodes with L‐ and D‐DOPA probes, superimposed on a speciation plot of DOPA.
This work was supported by Fondazione Cariplo (Grant no. 2011‐0417)
References
[1] F. Sannicolò, S. Arnaboldi, T. Benincori, V. Bonometti, R. Cirilli, L. Dunsch, W. Kutner, G. Longhi, P. R. Mussini, M.
Panigati, M. Pierini and S. Rizzo, Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., 53 (2014), 2623
[2] F. Sannicolò, P. R. Mussini, T. Benincori, R. Cirilli, S. Abbate, S. Arnaboldi, S. Casolo, E. Castiglioni, G. Longhi, R.
Martinazzo, M. Panigati, M. Pappini, E. Quartapelle Procopio, S. Rizzo, Chemistry‐A European Journal 10, (2014), 15261
[3] S. Arnaboldi, P. Mussini, M. Magni, F. Sannicolò, T. Benincori, R. Cirilli, K. Noworyta and W. Kutner, Chemical
Science, 6 (2015), 170
Highly Enantioselective “Inherently Chiral" Film Electrodes at Work
No full textThe usual approaches to chiral electroactive molecular materials, relying on attaching chiral pendants to an electroactive polyconjugated backbone, generally result in modest chirality manifestations; other approaches, such as chiral templating agents, chiral counteranions, etc. actually imply the chirality source to be external to the electroactive material.
Very recently, our research group has unveiled by electrochemical experiments the unprecedented enantioselectivity properties of molecular films based on a new family of "inherently chiral" polyheterocycles, where chirality is not external to the electroactive backbone, but inherent to it, resulting from a tailored torsion produced by the periodical presence of atropoisomeric, conjugatively active biheteroaromatic scaffolds (e.g. 3,3'-bithiophene [as in the monomers (R)- and (S)-BT2T4 represented in Figure 1], 2,2'-biindole and 3,3' bithiophene). [1]
The electroactive films obtained by electrooligomerization mostly consist of cyclic electroactive oligomers, constituted by several fully conjugated thiophene units.
These ringlets, which can also be obtained by chemical oligomerization, are endowed with an outstanding pool of attractive properties both as racemates and as enantiopure antipodes. [1,2] The neat peak separation for two enantiomers of electroactive chiral probes (Figure 2) together with the linearity of the peak currents with enantiomer concentration affords estimation of the enantiomeric excess when both enantiomers are present [3].
The new electrodes have been tested with very good results towards several chiral probes, quite different in molecular structure and of applicative interest, on different supports, and in different media. Moreover, we have verified that the same spectacular enantioselectivity is obtained on surfaces prepared starting from monomers designed according to the same structural concept but chemically different, which demonstrates the general validity of the new strategy.
Albeit preliminary, such unprecedented outstanding results open the way to chiral voltammetry.
References
[1] F. Sannicolò, S. Arnaboldi, T. Benincori, V. Bonometti, R. Cirilli, L. Dunsch, W. Kutner, G. Longhi, P. R. Mussini, M. Panigati, M. Pierini and S. Rizzo, Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed., 2014, 53, 2623
[2] F. Sannicolò, P. R. Mussini, T. Benincori, R. Cirilli, S. Abbate, S. Arnaboldi, S. Casolo, E. Castiglioni, G. Longhi, R. Martinazzo, M. Panigati, M. Pappini, E. Quartapelle Procopio and S. Rizzo, Chemistry-A European Journal, 2014, 10, 15261
[3] S. Arnaboldi, P. Mussini, M. Magni, F. Sannicolò, T. Benincori, R. Cirilli, K. Noworyta and W. Kutner, Chemical Science, 2015, 6, 170
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