65 research outputs found
Review Of The Intelligence Of Dogs: Canine Consciousness And Capabilities By S. Coren
No full textCoren has written an entertaining and highly readable treatment of the mental abilities of domestic dogs, using the theory and techniques of human intelligence testing. Although written by a social scientist, the book is not a scholarly analysis of data on the performance of animals in standardized tests. Breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club are ranked on the basis of questionnaires and interviews with obedience trial judges. Evaluation of the different types of canine intelligence is accomplished by the author\u27s personal observation as a dog trainer and by lively anecdotes. Chapters also treat the intelligence and cognitive abilities of animals, how to give one\u27s dog intelligence and personality tests, and suggestions for improving the performance of a dog. There are no references to the large literature on animal intelligence, although there is a brief suggested reading section and an index. There are several older engravings of breeds of dogs and helpful line drawings showing dog communication and testing systems. General; graduate through professional
Individual and Group Based Parenting for Improving Psychosocial Outcomes for Teenage Parents and Their Children
No full textIndividual and group-based parenting programmes for improving psychosocial outcomes for teenage parents and their children
No full textService Engagement in Interventions for Street-Connected Children and Young People: A Summary of Evidence Supplementing a Recent Cochrane–Campbell Review
No full textAbstract
Background This paper builds on a Cochrane–Campbell systematic review of interventions that reduce harms and promote reintegration in street-connected children and young people focusing on intervention outcomes. The aim of the present analysis is to explore questions raised in the systematic review over the potential role of service engagement in mediating outcomes of relevant interventions.
Objective The paper summarises engagement-related findings from quantitative intervention evaluations with street-connected populations of children and young people, as reported by study authors. It seeks to contribute to theoretical and methodological understandings of service engagement with street-connected youth populations and to highlight gaps in current knowledge.
Methods Drawing on the original search for the Cochrane–Campbell review, we rescreened search results in our database and included quantitative findings if relevant to our current research questions, regardless of study design. Additionally, we sought new study publications from authors whose work was included in the original systematic review. The discussion explores relevant data from five studies included in the original systematic review, ten studies excluded from the review, and two studies published after the completion of the review.
Results The measures of service engagement in the included studies focused on treatment attendance, ‘level of engagement’, and service satisfaction. Evidence on the impact of service engagement on other outcomes in interventions for street-connected children and young people was limited. Available data on the predictors and impact of service engagement were mixed and appear not to provide robust support for common hypotheses in the relevant context
The Effectiveness of Parenting Programs
No full textParenting practices predict important outcomes for children, and parenting programmes are potentially effective means of supporting parents to promote optimal parenting for pre-adolescent children. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of parenting programmes by summarising findings of relevant systematic reviews published in the Campbell Library. Six Campbell systematic reviews evaluated the effectiveness of a range of parenting programmes in the primary and secondary prevention of behavioural problems (among children aged 0 – 3 years), early onset conduct disorder (among children aged 3 – 12 years), outcomes for parents and children with ADHD, outcomes for particular groups of parents and children (i.e., with intellectual disabilities and teenagers), and the psychosocial functioning of parents. The findings of these reviews show that parenting programmes can be effective in improving the emotional and behavioural adjustment of children in the first 12 years of life, in addition to enhancing the psychosocial wellbeing of their parents. The findings also suggest that further research is needed to assess effectiveness of programmes for specific subgroups of parents (e.g., fathers, teenagers, parents with intellectual disabilities) and to assess the long-term effectiveness of parenting programmes
Educational exposure, visual perspective in mental imagery, and cooperation among the Hadza
No full textAuthors: Shelby Weathers*, Duncan Stibbard Hawkes, Endeko Endeko, Ibrahim Mabulla, and Coren Apicella
*Corresponding Author
When generating a mental image — recalling a memory or imagining a future event — one may visualize the scene in first-person or third-person perspective. Research on perspective in mental imagery has been conducted primarily with undergraduates in Western and East Asian rich, industrialized countries with high levels of media exposure and universal participation in education. However, recent work with rural communities has demonstrated that technological exposure can alter self-perception (Thornborrow, et. al., 2022). This study explores whether the Hadza, a mixed subsistence population in Tanzania who have relatively little exposure to photos, videos, and mirrors, show patterns in perspective when visualizing the past that differ from the current literature, and whether exposure to formal education alongside the accompanying increased exposure to both pictographic and other visual media is related to a change in visual perspective in mental imagery among the Hadza.
Previous work on perspective in mental imagery has demonstrated that taking a third-person perspective can increase intentions to engage in cooperative behaviors such as voting (Libby et al., 2007), recycling (Zhang et al., 2021), and interacting with a member of a stigmatized group (Crisp & Husnu, 2011). An additional aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between the perspective an individually naturally uses in recall and their tendency for cooperative behavior.
References
Crisp, R. J., & Husnu, S. (2011). Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390721
Libby, L. K., Shaeffer, E. M., Eibach, R. P., & Slemmer, J. A. (2007). Picture Yourself at the Polls: Visual Perspective in Mental Imagery Affects Self-Perception and Behavior. Psychological Science, 18(3), 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01872.x
Thornborrow, T., Evans, E. H., Tovee, M. J., & Boothroyd, L. G. (2022). Sociocultural drivers of body image and eating disorder risk in rural Nicaraguan women. Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 1-16.
Zhang, J., Zhao, L., & Hu, S. (2021). Visualizing recycling: Promoting recycling through mental simulation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 174, 105783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.10578
Parent training support for intellectually disabled parents
No full textBACKGROUND: Intellectual disability may impact on an individual's capacity to parent a child effectively. Research suggests that the number of intellectually disabled people with children is increasing. Children of parents with intellectual disabilities may be at increased risk of neglectful care which could lead to health, developmental and behavioural problems, or increased risk of intellectual disability.However, there is some indication that some parents with intellectual disabilities are able to provide adequate child care if they are given appropriate training and support to do so. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of parent training interventions to support the parenting of parents with intellectual disabilities SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ASSIA, Sociological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials, and ZETOC. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing parent training interventions for parents with intellectual disabilities with usual care or with a control group. Outcomes of interest were: the attainment of parenting skills specific to the intervention, safe home practices and the understanding of child health. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and undertook data extraction. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials met the inclusion criteria for this review but no meta-analysis was possible. One study reported improved maternal-child interaction following group parent training compared with the control group. The second study reported some improvements in parents knowledge of life threatening emergencies, ability to recognise dangers and identify precautions and smaller improvements in their ability to implement precautions, use medicines safely and recognise child illness and symptoms. The third study reported improvement in child care and safety skills following the intervention. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is some risk of bias in the included studies, with limited information available to assess possible bias and to fully assess the findings of one included study. Whilst the evidence presented here does seem promising with regard to the ability of such interventions to improve parenting knowledge and skill in this population, there is a need for larger RCTs of interventions before conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness of parent training for this group of parents.</p
- …
