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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Effect of the ear canal occlusion on pure tone thresholds and its clinical applicability in validation of the contralateral occlusion test
Get PDFRESUMO: Introdução e objetivos: Os testes de cabeceira podem diminuir o tempo de resposta
clínica, melhorar a tomada de decisões e permitir uma rápida avaliação qualitativa da
perda auditiva. Este estudo descreve o desenho e a validação dum novo teste de cabeceira
com diapasão que permite quantificar a perda auditiva, na presença de surdez de condução
unilateral. O estudo considerou três fases distintas: a primeira fase avaliou os efeitos da
oclusão completa do canal auditivo externo sobre a audição, a fim de decidir qual a
frequência de diapasão mais adequada para quantificar a hipoacusia com o teste de
oclusão contralateral (TOC). A reprodutibilidade do método de oclusão entre
examinadores também foi estudada nesta fase. A segunda fase avaliou o efeito da oclusão
nos limiares auditivos de acordo com a idade, em indivíduos de idades distintas, para
apurar qual o diapasão mais adequado na realização do TOC. A terceira fase avaliou a
precisão do teste na previsão do grau de perda auditiva.
Métodos: Nas três fases distintas do estudo consideraram-se populações com idade e
tamanho da amostra diferentes. Na primeira fase do estudo, 20 adultos (40 ouvidos) com
audição normal (21-30 anos de idade) foram submetidos a uma audiometria tonal em
campo livre, com e sem oclusão do canal auditivo externo. Cada ouvido foi testado com
as frequências standard (250, 500, 1000, e 2000 Hz) em tons de warble. O ouvido
contralateral foi suprimido por mascaramento. A oclusão do ouvido foi realizada
independentemente por 2 examinadores. Na segunda fase, 42 adultos (84 ouvidos) com
audição normal (21-67 anos de idade) foram divididos em três grupos etários: 20-30, 40-
50, e 60-70 anos. Os participantes foram avaliados por audiometria tonal em campo livre,
nas mesmas condições descritas para a primeira fase do estudo. Na terceira fase, 53
indivíduos com surdez de condução unilateral foram recrutados num departamento de otorrinolaringologia dum hospital terciário. O TOC foi realizado para determinar a
lateralização com diapasões de 128 Hz, 256 Hz, 512 Hz, 1024 Hz e 2048 Hz e com a
oclusão total do ouvido não afetado. A audiometria tonal foi então realizada,
separadamente e cega em relação aos resultados do TOC, para determinar o gap aéreoósseo (ABG) e a o limiar auditivo médio (PTA). Por fim, as respostas do TOC foram
comparadas com o ABG e o PTA para determinar a sua precisão na quantificação do grau
da perda auditiva.
Resultados: Na primeira fase do estudo, a oclusão do canal auditivo externo determinou
uma elevação nos limiares auditivos com o aumento da frequência, desde 19.94 dB (250
Hz) até 39.25 dB (2000 Hz). A diferença dos limiares entre as condições de oclusão e não
oclusão foi estatisticamente significativa, tendo aumentado de 10.69 dB (250 Hz) a 32.12
dB (2000 Hz). Não se verificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação
ao género, ou entre examinadores. Na segunda fase do estudo, verificou-se uma elevação
dos limiares auditivos com o aumento da frequência, de 20.85 dB (250 Hz, grupo 20–30
anos) a 48 dB (2000 Hz, grupo 60–70 anos). A diferença nos limiares auditivos entre as
condições de oclusão e de não-oclusão foi estatisticamente significativa em todas as
frequências; e aumentou de forma diretamente proporcional com a frequência, de 11.1
dB (250 Hz, grupo 20–30 anos) a 32 dB (2000 Hz, grupo 20–30 anos). Foram encontradas
diferenças estatisticamente significativas para os três grupos etários, em todos os
parâmetros, exceto na diferença a 500 Hz e na diferença total média. A perda auditiva
média resultante da oclusão aos 500 Hz foi de 19 dB. Não se encontraram diferenças
estatisticamente significativas entre o ouvido direito e o esquerdo, e entre géneros. Na
terceira fase do estudo o TOC mostrou uma forte associação entre surdez e lateralização
utilizando o diapasão de 512 Hz (p = .001). A sensibilidade do diapasão de 512 Hz na
deteção de um PTA igual ou maior do que 35.6 dB foi de 94.6% e a especificidade foi de 75% para um valor preditivo positivo de 89.7% e um valor preditivo negativo de 85.7%,
assumindo uma prevalência pré-teste de 69.8%.
Conclusão: O método de oclusão do canal auditivo externo utilizado demonstrou
reprodutibilidade entre examinadores e com a idade. A oclusão elevou os limiares
auditivos, sendo este efeito mais evidente nas frequências mais elevadas. O TOC permitiu
predizer o grau de hipoacusia de condução unilateral. Se ocorrer lateralização para a
ouvido afetado, é quase certa a evidência de hipoacusia de condução moderada ou grave.
No TOC podem utilizar-se diapasões de 256 ou 512 Hz para o diagnóstico de hipoacusia
ligeira, e o diapasão de 2018 Hz para a hipoacusia moderada. Contudo, no estudo do
efeito da idade e com a validação do teste foi possível concluir que a utilização do
diapasão de 512 Hz é a mais adequada para o TOC. A utilização deste teste pode permitir
aos clínicos, em ambiente de consulta e de forma rápida, a distinção entre uma hipoacusia
de condução de grau ligeiro e uma hipoacusia de condução de grau moderado ou superior.ABSTRACT: Introduction and goals: Bedside testing may accelerate clinical decision by making a
quick qualitative assessment of hearing loss. This study described the design and
validation of a bedside test with tuning forks that allow some quantitative evaluation of
hearing loss in the presence of unilateral conductive hearing loss. Three distinct phases
were considered: the first phase of the study quantified the effects of complete external
auditory canal occlusion on hearing, in order to decide which tuning fork frequency is
more appropriate to use for quantifying the hearing loss with the novel contralateral
occlusion test (COT). The reproducibility of occlusion between examiners was also
explored in this phase of the study. The second phase of the study evaluated the effects
of external auditory canal occlusion on hearing thresholds with aging, in order to decide
which tuning fork is more appropriate to use for the COT in individuals of different ages.
The third phase of this study evaluated the accuracy of the test in predicting the degree of
hearing loss.
Methods: Over the study period, the three distinct phases considered population numbers
of different age/size classes. At the first phase, 20 normal-hearing adults (40 ears)
between 21-30 years old underwent sound field pure tone audiometry with and without
ear canal occlusion. Each ear was tested with the standard frequencies (250, 500, 1000,
and 2000 Hz) with warble tones. The contralateral ear was suppressed with the use of
masking. Ear occlusion was performed by two examiners. In the second phase, 42 normal
hearing subjects (84 ears) between 21 and 67 years were divided into three age groups
(20–30 years, 40–50 years, and 60–70 years). Participants underwent sound field
audiometry tests as described to the first phase of the study. In the third phase, 53 subjects
with unilateral conductive hearing loss were recruited from an otolaryngology department of a tertiary hospital. The COT was performed to determine lateralization using 128, 256,
512, 1024 and 2048 Hz tuning forks with the non-affected ear meatus totally occluded.
Pure-tone audiometry was then performed, separately and blinded of the tuning fork test
results, to establish the presence and degree of the air-bone gap (ABG) and the pure-tone
average (PTA). The tuning fork responses were finally correlated with the ABG and the
PTA to determine their accuracy in quantifying the degree of hearing loss.
Results: In the first phase of the study, occlusion of the external auditory canal determined
an increase in hearing thresholds with increasing frequencies, from 19.94 dB (250 Hz) to
39.25 dB (2000 Hz). The difference on hearing thresholds between occluded and
unoccluded conditions was statistically significant and increased from 10.69 dB (250 Hz)
to 32.12 dB (2000 Hz). There were no statistically significant differences according to
gender or between examiners. The second phase of the study demonstrated that hearing
thresholds increased with higher frequencies from 20.85 dB (250 Hz, 20–30 years group)
to 48 dB (2000 Hz, 60–70 years group). The difference on hearing thresholds between
occluded and unoccluded conditions were statistically significant and increased, ranging
from 11.1 dB (250 Hz, 20–30 years group) to 32 dB (2000 Hz, 20–30 years group).
Statistically significant differences were found for the three age groups and for all
evaluations except to 500 Hz difference and average difference. The mean hearing loss
produced by occlusion at 500 Hz was approximately 19 dB. No statistically significant
differences were found between right and left ears and gender for all measurements. In
the third phase of the study COT showed a stronger association between hearing loss and
the lateralization response using the 512 Hz tuning fork (p = 0.001). The sensitivity of the
512 Hz fork in detecting a PTA equal or greater than 35.6 dB was 94.6% and the
specificity was 75.0% for a positive predictive value of 89.7% and a negative predictive
value of 85.7%, assuming a pretest prevalence of 69.8%.Conclusions: The occlusion method as performed demonstrated reproducibility between
examiners and with aging. The occlusion effect increased the hearing thresholds and
became more evident with higher frequencies. The COT was accurate in predicting the
degree of unilateral conductive hearing loss. If lateralization to the affected ear occurred,
it was almost certain that the affected ear has a moderate or severe conductive hearing
loss. 256 Hz or 512 Hz tuning forks were the more appropriate for diagnosis of mild
hearing loss, and the 2048 Hz tuning fork was the more appropriate for moderate hearing
loss; but aging and accuracy studies demonstrated that the use of the 512 Hz tuning fork
is the most suitable for COT. The use of this test may allow clinicians to distinguish mild
from moderate or greater than moderate unilateral conductive hearing loss
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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