1,720,962 research outputs found
“Bütün ümidimiz cömert bir uyanış”: On dokuzuncu yüzyılda Batı Anadolu’da Osmanlı hristiyanlarının evanjelizasyonu
No full textThis article examines the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions’ activities in the 1870s and 80s at the Manisa and Smyrna/İzmir stations in an attempt to evangelize Greeks and Armenians living in the region. The main body of sources used in this study are the letters of the missionary Rev. Marcellus Bowen (1874-1880) sent from Manisa to the headquarters of the ABCFM in Boston, and the letters of Rev. George Constantine (1880-1889) sent from İzmir to the same destination. These first-person narratives provide us with extremely rich material, due to the fact that they comment on phenomena and events directly and immediately. This article investigates a variety of themes, such as the efforts of the American missionaries to adapt their missionary work to Smyrna’s multicultural and multinational society; the missionaries’ decisions and arguments regarding which language to use in their preachings or at religious services for the Greeks and Armenians of the region; the means of persecution or opposition employed by the Greek Orthodox high-ranked clergy in Smyrna/İzmir against the Protestant missionaries; and the conditions under which foreigners could sell religious books or open / build schools and churches in the Ottoman lands, and which intermediaries the missionaries appealed to when they were challenged by the Ottoman authorities.Bu makalenin konusu 1870 ve 1880’li yıllarda American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions adlı misyonerlik örgütünün Batı Türkiye Misyonu adlı biriminin kapsamındaki Manisa ve İzmir istasyonlarında yürüttüğü faaliyetler ve bu bölgedeki Rum ve Ermenilere İncil’in mesajını öğretme çabalarıdır. Esas kaynaklar olarak Amerikalı Protestan misyoner Marcellus Bowen’ın 1874-1880 yılları arasında Manisa’dan Boston’daki ana merkeze ve Yunanistan kökenli Protestan misyoner George Constantine’in 1880-1889 yılları arasında İzmir’den Boston’a gönderdikleri mektuplar kullanılmıştır. Bu birinci şahıs anlatımlar olguları ve olayları anında ve doğrudan yorumladıkları için çok zengin bir malzeme sunarlar. Bu çalışma, Amerikalı misyonerlerin faaliyetlerini İzmir’in çokkültürlü ve çokuluslu toplumuna uyarlama çabalarını, bölgede yaşayan Rumlara ve Ermenilere vaaz verirken ya da onlara ibadet için seslenirken hangi dilin kullanılması gerektiği konusundaki kanaatlerini ve gerekçelerini, Protestan misyonerlere muhalefet eden İzmir’deki Rum Ortodoks yüksek rütbeli ruhbanlarının başvurduğu yolları ve dini kitap satma, okul ve kilise açma/yapma eylemlerinin Osmanlı yetkililerince hangi şartlara bağlandığını ve yetkililerin engelleriyle karşılaştıklarında misyonerlerin hangi aracılara başvurduklarını incelemektedir.Ozyegin UniversityPublisher versio
Becoming protestant: Greek Orthodox responses to conversion in 19th-century Ottoman Anatolia
No full textDuring the nineteenth century, through American missionaries’ efforts, some, albeit a small portion, of the Greek Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan adopted Protestantism. This article explores various incidents of libel and violence, and the punishments of exile or banishment which the Greek Protestants faced. This study is mainly based on the official documentation at the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, and to a lesser extent, on the annual reports of the missionary organization, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. The article investigates the disputes between the Orthodox and the Protestant Greeks (Rum) in various parts of Anatolia, namely Izmir, Bursa, Burdur, Adana, and Ordu.Bu makalede 19. yy.’da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda faaliyet gösteren Amerikan misyonerlerinin çalışmalarıyla mezhep değiştirerek Protestan olan Rum Ortodoksların maruz kaldıkları sürgün, iftira ve şiddet olayları incelenmiştir. Esas olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşiv belgeleri kullanılmakla beraber, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions adlı misyoner örgütünün raporları ve bazı misyonerlerin yayınlanmış anıları da kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Makale, Anadolu’nun çeşitli yerlerindeki Rum Ortodoks-Protestan çekişmelerini konu alır. Bu çalışmada incelenen Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri İzmir, Bursa ve civarı, Burdur, Adana ve Ordu’da yaşanan bazı olayları kapsamaktadır. Osmanlı topraklarında faaliyetler yapan Amerikan misyonerleri Rum Ortodokslardan çok Gregoryen Ermenilerin Protestanlığa dahil olmalarını sağlamışlardır. Protestan Ermeniler bu makalenin kapsamı dışındadır, ancak Osmanlı Protestanlarının ayrı bir millet olarak resmi mercilerce tanınması sürecinden bahsederken İstanbul’da bir Ermeni Protestan kilisesinin kurulması süreci de anlatılmıştır.Publisher versio
Armenians in 1920s Greece: Turkey’s unwanted minority, the league of nations’ Burden, Greece’s “Other” refugees
No full textThis article sheds light upon the history of an underresearched group of refugees who settled in Greece in the 1920s. It focuses on Armenians from Anatolia who fled to Greece in 1921-22, during and after the Greek-Turkish War of 1919-22. The article examines how the Greek government and international humanitarian organizations (Near East Relief, American Red Cross, etc.) approached the Armenian refugees, including orphans. The study further highlights practices such as transfers of Armenians within Greece, repatriation programs supported by Greece to send the Armenian refugees to Soviet Armenia, and citizenship policies regarding them
Fragile Lives under the Shadow of the Parthenon: Armenian Orphans and Refugees in Interwar Greece
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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