1,720,974 research outputs found
Evaluations on the effects of phenylpyrrole fungicides in Botrytis cinerea by RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis
No full textThe use of synthetic fungicides is still very common for the management of grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea. However, mode of action and resistance mechanism in the target pathogen for several fungicides, including the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, are not completely understood. Whole transcriptional changes caused by the exposure to different concentrations of fludioxonil (EC50 and EC75) in two strains of the pathogen, one sensitive and one resistant to fludioxonil, were investigated using Illumina sequencing and RNASeq analysis to identify affected genes and metabolic processes. Overall, about 930 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs; Fold change ≥ |6| and RPKM ≥ 5) were identified in each strain comparing fludioxonil-exposed versus the unexposed colonies. Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis showed that redox processes were associated to up- and down-regulated DETs, while biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and cell wall and surface proteins were strictly related with the up-regulated ones. Membrane-lipid metabolic processes were up-regulated in the sensitive strain and downregulated in the resistant strain. Fungal growth as well as regulation and signalling, transmembrane transport, response to stress and protein metabolism were more frequently related to down-regulated DETs. Among transcripts associated with transport and regulation, the mrr1 gene, encoding the transcription factor responsible for Multi-Drug Resistance type 1 (MDR1)-related atrB overexpression, was up-regulated in the fludioxonil-resistant strain. The results provide new knowledge that might be useful to plan novel sustainable disease management strategies, increasingly oriented to preserve effectiveness of chemicals and minimize environmental impact
New genetic resources for the causal agents of brown rot on stone fruits, Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena.
No full textMonilinia fructicola (MFRC), Monilinia laxa (MLAX) and Monilinia fructigena (MFRG) are the most important pathogens causing the brown rot disease of stone and pome fruits. The sources of genetic variation as well as genomic and transcriptomic data remain largely unexplored for the three fungal species. The molecular characterization of the MAT1 loci showed that MFRC, MLAX and MFRG have a bipolar heterothallic mating system, typical of other self-sterile Ascomycetes. Single isolates carry only one of two alternative idiomorphs, each containing a specific couple of genes (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-5 in MAT1-1; MAT1-2-1 and MAT1-2-10 in MAT1-2). The populations of the three Monilinia species show a balanced distribution of mating types indicating a potential outcrossing in all the geographic areas in which the pathogens are present. ISSR markers suggested that asexual reproduction is prevalent, but that sexual recombination occurs in MFRC populations in Italy. The comple transcriptomes of MFRC, MLAX and MFRG was de novo assembled from Illumina sequence reads (about 70 million per species) and deposited in public database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/wgs; accessions GGAK00000000, GGAL00000000 and GGAM00000000). Comparative analyses among
orthologous transcripts revealed transcripts over-expressed (FC≥8 and FDR≤0.05) or unique in MFRC (65), MLAX (30) or MFRG (31) that are involved in important biological and physiological processes, such as morphogenesis and development, pathogenesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and detoxification systems. The obtained results will be useful to clarify aspects of their biology and physiology, including adaptability to different environmental conditions and plant-pathogen interactions, which can be of help for improving the disease management
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
New insights into biology, transcriptome analysis and control strategies of the cucurbit pathogen Podosphaera xanthii
No full textPodosphaera xanthii is the main causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) in southern Italy, where the disease management is difficult and requires numerous fungicide sprays per season. The effectiveness of several biological control agents (BCAs), botanicals (BOTs) and fungicides was evaluated in a field trial on Cucumis melo local ecotype ‘Barattiere’. Orange oil, sulphur, potassium bicarbonate and laminarine showed a good effectiveness and reduced the CPM severity on leaves as compared to the untreated control. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation and can promote the differentiation of new more adapted genotypes. P. xanthii is a heterothallic fungus; both idiomorphs MAT1-1 and
MAT1-2 were detected in more than half of 23 monitored sites and, according to the whole data, the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 are in 1:1 ratio. The capability of six MAT1-1 and ten MAT1-2 isolates in yielding fertile crosses and differentiate chasmothecia was proved under laboratory conditions. Chasmothecia were also detected, although sporadically, in the field. RNA-Seq experiments (Illumina technology) were carried out using two isolates of opposite mating types and their cross to obtain a detailed de novo Trinity-based assembly of the transcriptome of P. xanthii. The 23,065 transcripts obtained were employed in: i) the analysis of differential expressed transcripts; ii) the identification of putative effectors,
transposable elements (TEs) and mycoviruses; iii) the molecular characterization of the MAT1 locus in P. xanthii. The availability of new genomic and transcriptomic data will promote new insights on the population biology of the pathogen and CPM sustainable management
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
