128,583 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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Author Correction: Bimetallic synergy in cobalt–palladium nanocatalysts for CO oxidation
No full textIn the version of this Article originally published, the author Baran Eren was mistakenly affiliated with the Harbin Institute of Technology, China; it has now been corrected to Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
Fuzzy rule interpolation for multidimensional input spaces in determining d50c of hydrocyclones
No full textFuzzy rule-based systems have been very popular in many engineering applications. In mineral engineering, fuzzy rules are normally constructed using some fuzzy rule extraction techniques to establish the determination model in predicting the d50c of hydrocyclones. However, when generating fuzzy rules from the available information, it may result in a sparse fuzzy rule base. The use of more than one input variable is also common in hydrocyclone data analysis. This paper examines the application of fuzzy interpolation to resolve the problems using sparse fuzzy rule bases, and to perform analysis of fuzzy interpolation in multidimensional input spaces
Physical Disintegration of Toilet Papers in Wastewater Systems: Experimental Analysis and Mathematical Modeling
No full textPhysical disintegration of representative toilet papers was investigated in this study to assess their disintegration potential in sewer systems. Characterization of toilet papers from different parts of the world indicated two main categories as premium and average quality. Physical disintegration experiments were conducted with representative products from each category according to standard protocols with improvements. The experimental results were simulated by mathematical model to estimate best-fit values of disintegration rate coefficients and fractional distribution ratios. Our results from mathematical modeling and experimental work show that premium products release more amounts of small fibers and disintegrate more slowly than average ones. Comparison of the toilet papers with the tampon applicators studied previously indicates that premium quality toilet papers present significant potential to persist in sewer pipes. Comparison of turbulence level in our experimental setup with those of partial flow conditions in sewer pipes indicates that drains and small sewer pipes are critical sections where disintegration of toilet papers will be limited. For improvement, requirements for minimum pipe slopes may be increased to sustain transport and disintegration of flushable products in small pipes. In parallel, toilet papers can be improved to disintegrate rapidly in sewer systems, while they meet consumer expectations
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Hepatitis B in the Mediterranean Region and Elsewhere
No full textAfter cancer, viral infections constitute a great threat to human health throughout the world and among these viral hepatitis constitutes one of the most important public threats in the world. Despite considerable advances in medical technology and attempts to eradicate the diseases, viral hepatitis still remain as major public health problem with their high morbidity and mortality in the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Middle East and elsewhere. Uncontrolled migratory flow from developing countries to regions of low endemicity gave rise to changes not only in the prevalence of viral infection but also the genotype, clinical course and modes of transmission. Among several viruses which may affect the liver those which constitute important public health problems are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. All of these viruses can cause an acute disease with symptoms lasting several weeks however HBV can cause asymptomatic infection which can silently progress to chronic infection in which the patient never gets rid of the virus and many years later develops cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer. Of the two billion people who have been infected with HBV, more than 350 million have chronic (lifelong) infections. In this chapter, we reviewed the present situation, epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention, diagnostic techniques and the universal importance of Hepatitis B
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of the Polybenzimidazole Derivatives with Different Dicarboxylic Acid Moieties
No full textA series of polybenzimidazole were synthesized by the solution polycondensation reaction of 3,3´-diaminobenzidine (DAB) with dicarboxylic acid derivatives. The synthesized polybenzimidazoles were characterized by using IR, 1H-NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA and DSC studies showed that the polybenzimidazoles have good thermal stability and are generally amorphous in nature. Glass transition temperature (Tg) values were found to be in the range of 300-410 °C. This is the first detailed study to investigate antimicrobial activities of the polybenzimidazoles. The synthesized polybenzimidazoles have high antimicrobial activity compared to benzimidazole molecule. It was also found that they are more effective against bacterial species than fungal species. The polymers 2, 5, 6 and 7 showed remarkable activity against tested bacterial species (MIC = 32-500 μg/mL). Among these polymers, the polymers 6 and 7 having additional electronegative moiety have the highest activity against tested bacterial species
Horasan’da Hanefî-Mu'tezilî Şahısların Temsilcilerinden Biri Olarak Ebû Nasr Muhammed b. Sehl (ö.388/998)
No full textHanefîlik-Mu'tezile etkileşimin Irak dışındaki ilk tezahürlerinden biri olan Ebû Nasr
Muhammed b. Sehl (ö.388/998), Horasan’da ve Irak bölgesinde önemli bir ilmî nüfuza sahip
olup, Mu'tezilî tabakatlarda i'tizâl fikrini benimseyen fukaha içerisinde sayılmaktadır. Uzun
müddet Nişabur bölgesinde eğitim meclislerini yönlendiren Ebû Nasr, burada mütekellim
kimlikleri öne çıkan ve Cüşemî’nin de hocası konumunda olan bazı şahısların ilim hayatında
etkili olmuş ve bu şahıslar tarafından iltifata tabi tutulmuştur. Ayrıca o Irak’taki Hanefî-
Mu'tezilî şahıslar nezdinde de tanınmakta, Ebû Abdullah es-Saymerî ve Ebû’l-Kâsım et-
Tenûhî gibi Irak Hanefîliği içerisindeki şahısların ondan ilim tahsil ettiği rivayet edilmektedir.
Ebû Nasr’ın Büveyhiler döneminde Mu'tezilî şahıslar lehine uygulamalarda bulunan vezir
Sahib b. Abbad’ın (ö.385/995) meclislerinde yer alması ve Samanîler döneminde görev
aldığının kaydedilmesi de Hanefî-Mu'tezilî kimliği açısından dikkat çekicidir. Bu sebeple Ebû
Nasr Muhammed b. Sehl’in etrafında gelişen ilmî, siyasî zeminin araştırılması ile Hanefîlik-
Mu'tezile etkileşiminin Horasan’daki ilk tezahürlerin aydınlatılması amaçlanmaktadır
Prediction of Ionic Cr (VI) Extraction Efficiency in Flat Sheet Supported Liquid Membrane Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
No full textArtificial neural networks (ANNs) are computer techniques that attempt to simulate the functionality and decision-making processes of the human brain. In the past few decades, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been extensively used in a wide range of engineering applications. There are only a few applications in liquid membrane process. The objective of this research was to develop artificial neural networks (ANNs) model to estimate Cr (VI) extraction efficiency in feed phase. Data set (413 experiment records) were obtained from a laboratory scale experimental study. Various combinations of experimental data, namely % (w/w) extractant Alamine 336 concentration in membrane phase, stirring speed in feed and stripping phase, flat sheet support type, stripping phase NaOH concentration, feed phase pH, diluents type, % (w/w) diluents concentration, polymer support type, extractant type, and time are used as inputs into the ANN so as to evaluate the degree of effect of each of these variables on Cr (VI) extraction efficiency in feed phase. The results of the ANN model is compared with multiple linear regression model (MLR). Mean square error (MSE), average absolute relative error (AARE) and coefficient of determination (R(2)) statistics are used as comparison criteria for the evaluation of the model performances. Based on the comparisons, it was found that the ANN model could be employed successfully in estimating the Cr (VI) extraction efficiency
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