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Studi Komparasi Performansi PLTU Subcritical 660MW berbahan bakar Medium Rank Coal dan Low Rank Coal dan PLTU UltraSuperCritical 660MW berbahan bakar Low Rank Coal - Comparasion Performance Study Of Steam Power Plant Subcritical 660mw Fueled By Medium Rank Coal And Low Rank Coal And Steam Power Plant Ultrasupercritical 660mw Fueled By Low Rank Coal
Get PDFIndonesia membutuhkan sumber energi listrik yang besar dikarenakan bertambahnya kebutuhan manusia akan energi listrik. Maka dari itu diperlukan evaluasi terhadap kinerja dan performa pembangkit yang ada saat ini. Untuk itu, teknologi ultra-supercritical (USC) sangat dibutuhkan dimana efisiensi yang didapatkan oleh teknologi ultrasupercritical mendekati 48% ,dimana pembangkit yang ada saat ini, subcritical power plant, memiliki efisiensi hanya berkisar 38%. Dan juga batubara yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini adalah batubara kualitas tinggi dan medium, dimana ketersediaan saat ini khususnya di Indonesia, mulai menipis. Maka dari itu, batubara kualitas rendah dipilih untuk menjadi bahan bakar pada penelitian kali ini. Dimana batubara kualitas rendah memiliki ketersediaan yang sangat banyak juga harga yang murah dibanding kualitas tinggi dan medium(sedang).
Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara membuat pemodelan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak cycle-tempo. Dimana variasi yang digunakan adalah variasi nilai kalor (LHV) pada batubara berkualitas rendah (low rank coal) untuk mengetahui jumlah bahan bakar yang digunakan dan juga biaya operasi pada pembangkit dengan ultrasupercritical technology (UST). Variasi dari penelitian ini adalah nilai LHV pada 3800, 4000, 4200, dan pembebanan 50%, 75%,100%, dan 110%.
Dengan mengganti dari subcritical menjadi ultrasupercritical (USC) dan pergantian bahan bakar dari Medium Rank Coal menjadi Low Rank Coal maka didapat hasil menurut perhitungan manual dan perhitungan melalui software cycle-tempo. Pada pembangkit dengan boiler subcritical, saat pembebanan pada turbin berada pada tingkat 50%, batubara dengan LHV 3800 kCal/kg membutuhkan batubara sebesar 69,94kg/s, batubara dengan LHV 4000 kCal/kg sebesar 67.91kg/s yang digunakan, dan batubara dengan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 63.28kg/s dan pada LHV 5500kCal/kg sebesar 39.6kg/s. Pada pembebanan 75% LHV 3800kCal/kg membutuhkan batubara sebesar 104.6kg/s,LHV 4000kCal/kg sebesar 101.55kg/s dan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 94.63kg/s dan LHV5500kCal/kg sebesar 59.22kg/s. Pada pembebanan 100% LHV3800 kCal/kg menggunakan batubara sebesar 149.38kg/s, LHV4000 sebesar 135.42kg/s dan LHV4200 kCal/kg 126.19kg/s dan LHV 5500kCal/kg sebesar 78.97kg/s. Pada pembebanan 110% LHV 3800kCal/kg menggunakan 155.53kg/s, LHV4000kCal/kg 149.08kg/s dan LHV 4200 138.92kg/s Dan pada pembangkit UltraSuperCritical, Saat pembebanan pada turbin berada pada kondisi 50% batubara dengan LHV 3800kCal/kg didapatkan nilai laju konsumsi sebesar 49.22kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg sebesar 47.78kg/s, dan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 44.53kg/s. Pada pembebanan 75% LHV 3800kCal/kg sebesar 73.36kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg sebesar 71.46kg/s dan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 66.59kg/s. Pada pembebanan 100% LHV 3800kCal/kg sebesar 98.15kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg sebesar 95.29kg/s dan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 88.8kg/s. Pada pembebanan 110% LHV 3800kCal/kg laju konsumsi batubara didapat sebesar 108.05kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg sebesar 104.09kg/s dan LHV 4200kCal/kg sebesar 97.7kg/s. Mengenai perhitungan ekonomi, pembangkit USC tidak feasible dikarenakan tidak mampu menutup bunga 7,1% dari Bank Indonesia, dan analisa ekonomi juga belum memperhitungkan biaya perawatan, depresiasi nilai, nilai inflasi, dan down time.
Kata Kunci : Pembangkit, Pembngkit SubCritical , Pembangkit UltraSuperCritical , Medium Rank Coal, Low Rank Coal, Software Cycle-Tempo
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Indonesia needs a large source of electricity power due to the increasing of human's demand of electricity power. Its important to evaluate the performance of existing powerplant. For that pupose, UlstraSuperCritical Technology is needed and useful where the efficiency gained by ultrasupercritical technology is approcahing 48 percent, where the current powerplant , subcritical, has an efficiency only 38 percents. And also the most widely used coal today is high rank, medium rank, where the current availibility and also cheap compaed to high rank, medium rank, where the current availibilty, especiallu in Indonesia , will running out. Then, the low rank coal will be selected by author for being fuel in thos research. Which low rank coal has many availibility and also cheap compared to high rank and medium rank.
Research was conducted by making modeling by using cycle-tempo software, Where the variations is heating value (LHV) in low rank coal to determine the amount of fuel used by power plant and alose the operating cost of the plant with UltraSuperCritical Technology. Variation of this research are LHV at 3800, 4000,4200 and condition of load from 50%, 75%,100% and 110%.
By substituting from subcritical to ultrasupercritical (UST) and replace fuel from Medium Rank Coal to Low Rank Coal then1 the results obtained according to manual calculations and calculations from software cycle-tempo. From power plant with subcritical boilers, when turbine's loading is at 50% level, coal with LHV 3800kCal/kg requires 69.94kg/s of coal, coal with LHV 4000kCal/kg of 67.91kg/s used, and coal with LHV 4200kcal/kg of 63.28kg/s and at LHV 5500kcal/kg of 39.6kg/s. At lodading 75% LHV 3800kcal/kg requires coal of 104.6kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg of 101.55kg/s and LHV 4200kCal/kg of 94.63kg/s and LHV5500kCal/kg of 59.22kg/s. At loading 100% LHV3800 kCal/kg using coal of 149.38kg/s, LHV4000 of 135.42kg/s and LHV4200 kCal/kg 126.19kg/s and LHV 5500kcal/kg of 78.97kg/s. At loading 110% LHV 3800kCal/kg using 155.53kg/s, LHV4000kCal/kg 149.08kg/s and LHV 4200 138.92kg/s And at UltraSuperCritical power plant, when loading on turbine is in condition of 50% coal with LHV 3800kcal/kg got value consumption rate of 49.22kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg of 47.78kg/s, and LHV 4200kcal/kg of 44.53kg/s. At loading of 75% LHV 3800kCal/kg of 73.36kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg of 71.46kg/s and LHV 4200kCal/kg of 66.59kg/s. At loading 100% LHV 3800kcal/kg of 98.15kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg of 95.29kg/s and LHV 4200kcal/kg of 88.8kg/s. At 110% loading LHV 3800kcal/kg the rate of coal consumption is 108.05kg/s, LHV 4000kCal/kg of 104.09kg/s and LHV 4200kcal/kg of 97.7kg/s. Regarding economic calculations, the USC plant is not feasible due to not being able to cover 7.1% interest from Bank Indonesia, and economic analysis has not yet calculated the cost of maintenance, depreciation of value, inflation value, and down time.
Keyword : Power Plant, SubCritical Powerplant, UltraSuperCritical Powerplant, Medium Rank Coal, Low Rank Coal, Software Cycle-Temp
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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