4,299 research outputs found
Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and Its Metabolite in Human Urine by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method
No full textA sensitive and efficient method was developed for determination of tramadol and its metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and medazepam (internal standard) were extracted from human urine with a mixture of ethylacetate and diethylether mixture (1 : 1, v/v) at basic pH with liquid-liquid extraction. The calibration curves were linear (r = 0.99) over tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 ng/mL and 7.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively. The method had an accuracy of >95% and intra-and interday precision (relative standard deviation %) of <= 4.93 and <= 4.62% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The extraction recoveries were found to be 94.1+/-2.91 and 96.3+/-3.46% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The limit of quantification using 0.5 mL human urine was 10 ng/mL for tramadol and 7.5 ng/mL for O-desmethyltramadol. After oral administration of 100 mg of tramadol hydrochloride to a patient, the urinary excretion was monitored during 24 h. About 15% of the dose was excreted as unchanged tramadol
Determination of Flurbiprofen in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
No full textA simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for determination of flurbiprofen in human plasma. The method was validated on an Ace C-18 column using UV detection. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (60: 40, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.5 with phosphoric acid. The calibration curve was linear between the concentration range of 0.10-5.0 mu g/mL. Intra- and inter-day precision values for flurbiprofen in plasma were < 4.47, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 3.67%. The extraction recoveries of flurbiprofen from human plasma were between 93.0 and 98.9%. The limits of detection and quantification of flurbiprofen were 0.03 and 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. In addition, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of flurbiprofen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 100 mg flurbiprofen
Simultaneous Determination of Tramadol and its Metabolite in Human Plasma by GC/MS
No full textA simple and sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of tramadol and its metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in human plasma was developed and validated. Medazepam was used as an internal standard. The calibration curves were linear (r= 0.999) over tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 ng/mL and 7.5 to 300 ng/mL, respectively. The method had an accuracy of >95% and intra- and interday precision (RSD%) of <= 4.83% and <= 4.68% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The extraction recoveries were 97.6 +/- 1.21% and 96.3 +/- 1.66% for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively. The LOQ using 0.5 mL human plasma was 10 ng/mL for tramadol and 7.5 ng/mL for O-desmethyltramadol. Stability studies showed that tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol were stable in human plasma after 8 h incubation at room temperature or after 1 week storage at -20 degrees C with three freeze-thaw cycles. Also, this method was successfully applied to six patients who had been given an intravenous formulation of 100 mg tramadol with C-max results of 2018.1 +/- 687.8 and 96.1 +/- 22.7 ng/mL for tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol, respectively
HPLC Method for Naproxen Determination in Human Plasma and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Turkey
No full textA simple high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of naproxen in human plasma. The method was validated on an Ace C18 column using ultraviolet detection. The mobile phase consisted of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). The calibration curve was linear between the concentration ranges of 0.10 and 5.0 mu g/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision values for naproxen in plasma were less than 4.84, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 3.67%. The extraction recovery values of naproxen from human plasma were between 91.0 and 98.9%. The limits of detection and quantification of naproxen were 0.03 and 0.10 mu g/mL, respectively. Also, this assay was applied to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of naproxen in six healthy Turkish volunteers who had been given 220 mg of naproxen
Isrogrogidda Falka Af-soomaaliga: Aragti ku aadan Midaynta Qoraalkiisa
No full textQoraagu wuxuu diraasad ku sameeyey sidii loo midayn lahaa af Soomaaliga qoraaal ahaan loo adeegsada. Gaar ahaan wuxuu diiradda saarayaa sidii loo midayn lahaa qaababka isrogrogga falalka oo haatan loo adeegsado siyaabo aan midaysanayn.In questo articolo, l'autore analizza e avanza una proposta relativamente alla standardizzazione del somalo scritto, in particolar modo delle forme di coniugazione dei verbi somali che attualmente non sono scritte in modo omogenea.In this article, the author analyzes and provides a proposal about the standardization of written Somali, in particular relating to verb conjugation forms whose orthography still differs today.Cabdirashid M. Ismaaciil, Cabdalla C. Mansuur, Saynab A. Sharci (eds.
Coastal Research and its Economic Justification
No full textProper and thorough planning of coastal engineering projects is discussed and the economie justification of research work indicated. Examples are given concerning navigational problems, coastal protection problems, and harbor sediment problems.KWP-collectio
Midaynta iyo Horumarinta Af-soomaaliga
No full textQoraagu wuxuu maqaalkan ku falanqaynayaa arrimo ku saabsan midaynta af Soomaaliga qoran, oo dadka qaarkood ay ku doodaan in ay dhibaato ka taagantahay, iyagoo u aanaynaya kala duwanaanta lahjadaha Soomaaliyeed iyo farta af Soomaaliga oo aan xasillayn. Qoraha oo soo bandhigayaa in arrimahaasu aanu sax ahayn, wuxuuna muujinayaa caqabadaha dhabta ah ee hortaagan houmarinta af Soomaaliga: afku wuxuu la'yahay dawlad si rasmi ah u adeegsato, weerar ba'anna waxaa ku haya af Ingiriisiga, xagga ereyadana nabaadguur xooggan ayaa ku dhacaya, gaar ahaan ereyada la xiriira dhaqanka Soomaaliyeed.L'autore, in questo articolo, analizzando la questione della lingua somala scritta, cerca di illustrare che la situazione del somalo standard non è cosi problematica come a detta di alcuni somali, specialmente, nell'ortografia e nella differenza tra i dialetti, ma il problema somalo è bensì riscontrabile in altri fattori: la mancanza di un stato che continui ad adottare il somalo come lingua ufficiale, l'estinzione di tantissimi vocaboli in disuso, nonché la forte influenza dalla lingua inglese.The author in this article, in analysing the written somali language, wants to show the somali standard situation is not so bad, like some Somalis say, especially in orthography and in vernaculars difference. In spite of, the somali language problem is recognisable in some others factors: lack of state that usually chooses somali language as official language, extinction of many terms in disuse and also the strong influence of English.Cabdirashid M. Ismaaciil, Cabdalla C. Mansuur, Saynab A. Sharci (eds.
Om inloppet ifrån Östersjön : till SöderTelje eller Egelsta wiken
No full textAuthor: Nathanael Gerhard af Schultén.Dated: "Carlberg den 12 Januari 1806."Digital reproduction, The National Library of Finland, Centre for Preservation and Digitisation, MikkeliA description of the Baltic Sea.TravelEuropeanaSchultén, Nathanael Gerhard af (1750-1825
The effect of intravenous preemptive paracetamol on postoperative fentanyl consumption in patients undergoing open nephrectomy: A prospective randomized study
No full textConclusion: In patients undergoing open nephrectomy, use of preemptive or postoperative paracetamol reduces fentanyl related nausea-vomiting without a decrease in total fentanyl consumption in the early postoperative period. Furthermore, use of preemptive or postoperative paracetamol reduces total fentanyl requirements in the first 24 h postoperatively providing a safe and effective postoperative analgesia
Dwing als gebiedsontwikkelaar een duidelijke opdracht af
No full textTerwijl de context waarin gebiedsontwikkelaars werken alleen maar complexer wordt, ziet Co Verdaas, hoogleraar gebiedsontwikkeling, een aanhoudende neiging om keuzes vooruit te schuiven of te verhullen. Hij geeft zes tips om gebiedsontwikkelaars in hun kracht te zetten. “Zonder escalatie geen resultaat zou het devies moeten zijn.”Practice Chair Urban Area Developmen
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