14 research outputs found
Estimation of Energy Released from Crack in Concrete using Acoustic Emission and Comparison with the Numerical Results
No full textStudy relating Acoustic Emission (AE) energy to fracture energy has been conducted in the past and a correlation has been reported between the two. The scope of these studies has remained limited to laboratory size specimens with known crack location and the energy release being investigated on a global scale. The objective of this research is to track the local energy release due to cracking in concrete using AE monitoring and understand the relationship between AE energy and crack energy estimated using nonlinear FE model. This will allow to keep the track of energy release due to cracking and use AE energy as a measure for the structural health condition. The study involves challenges with respect to AE source identification, estimating AE energy at source location accounting for attenuation losses and estimating local energy in the numerical model. These issues are discussed in detail in this thesis and the use of AE in crack monitoring is critically examined. In the first part of the thesis, AE source classification methods including signal-based approach and parameter-based approach are reviewed. The classification methods help distinguish the AE activities due to crack opening from ones related to friction. An approach for signal-based AE classification using the AE signal in the frequency domain is proposed. This approach is then compared to existing bivariate and multivariate parameter-based classification methods. In addition to this, a novel partial power-based method for AE source classification is also proposed. The existing parameter-based classification methods are found to have a similarity of less than 50% in case of bivariate methods and a little over 50 % in the case of the multivariate method when compared to the signal-based method. This is because these methods are unable to notice small differences in AE signals. On the other hand, the partial power-based method has a similarity of about 75 % to the signal-based method. In addition to this, the partial power-based method is much faster than the signal-based approach, thus providing a good alternative to the existing AE classification methods. In the second part, attenuation in AE signals is studied. Experiments on sound concrete and cracked concrete have been performed to study the attenuation in concrete media and through a crack, respectively. AE attenuation due to elastic wave propagation is made under the assumption of a Rayleigh wave and the material attenuation factor (α) is estimated to be 2.473 m-1. Crack attenuation factor (C.A.F.) is introduced to determine the energy loss through a crack. Auto Sensor Test (AST) measurements made during the experiment were used to estimate C.A.F. AST measurements are found to be sensitive to the strain changes within the concrete and are thus able to predict the occurrence of the crack in advance. In the last part, a methodology to estimate the local energy release in the numerical model is proposed and then verified using a notched beam as a test model. A rotating crack approach for modelling is adopted with tension behaviour defined using the Hordijk curve. The proposed methodology is applied to the girder model to estimate the energy released locally. The numerical energy trend thus calculated is compared to the AE energy trend at the crack location. The AE energy predicts the occurrence of the first flexure crack at 90% of the cracking load as per numerical energy. A possible explanation for this is that AE can also detect the presence of the microcracks, which the current numerical model cannot. On comparing the estimated energies released due to AE and numerical model in the flexure zone it can be concluded that the relationship between the AE energy and numerical energy is non-linear. Local energy release trend for AE and the numerical model with increasing load is similar when the flexure cracks are generated, although slight deviations start to occur when the shear crack is created
Certification to compensate gender prejudice: Analysis on impact of management system certification on export by companies in Central and Eastern Europe
No full textEconomics of Technology and Innovatio
Assessment of climate induced damage in decorated oak wooden panels
No full textClimate induced damage in decorated oak wooden panels is considered to be a high risk for the preeminent museum collections. To advise museums on the development of future sustainable preservation strategies and to define rational guidelines for indoor climate specifications, climate induced physical and mechanical damage has been analysed in a collection study, experimental testing of mock-ups and by finite element modelling. The collection study consisted of the development of a comprehensive methodology to select objects of interest from the collection and analyse their condition using a combination of visual inspection and archival searches. Mock-up samples of wooden panels with representative structural elements were exposed to varying climate conditions in climate controlled rooms and monitored with state-of-the-art experimental mechanics equipment. Further the collection study and experimental testing were used to inform the development of a finite element model of crack growth under 3-point bending. The work was performed within the Cimate4Wood project, a multidisciplinary collaboration between conservators and scientists work. The paper presents the methodology of the museum study and results from the museum study, experimental testing and modelling.Structural Integrity & Composite
Floral Transition And Nitric Oxide Emission During Flower Development In Arabidopsis Thaliana Is Affected In Nitrate Reductase-deficient Plants
No full textThe nitrate reductase (NR)-defective double mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (nia1 nia2) has previously been shown to present a low endogenous content of NO in its leaves compared with the wild-type plants. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of NR mutation on floral induction and development of A. thaliana, as NO was recently described as one of the signals involved in the flowering process. The NO fluorescent probes diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and 1,2-diaminoanthraquinone (1,2-DAA) were used to localize NO production in situ by fluorescence microscopy in the floral structures of A. thaliana during floral development. Data were validated by incubating the intact tissues with DAF-2 and quantifying the DAF-2 triazole by fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that NO is synthesized in specific cells and tissues in the floral structure and its production increases with floral development until anthesis. In the gynoecium, NO synthesis occurs only in differentiated stigmatic papillae of the floral bud, and, in the stamen, only anthers that are producing pollen grains synthesize NO. Sepals and petals do not show NO production. NR-deficient plants emitted less NO, although they showed the same pattern of NO emission in their floral organs. This mutant blossomed precociously when compared with wild-type plants, as measured by the increased caulinar/rosette leaf number and the decrease in the number of days to bolting and anthesis, and this phenotype seems to result from the markedly reduced NO levels in roots and leaves during vegetative growth. Overall, the results reveal a role for NR in the flowering process. © The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. 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Suppression of Underwater Noise Induced by Cavitation: SONIC
No full textAbstractIn EU FP7 project SONIC, partners set out in October 2012 to study the underwater radiated noise of ships and shipping. The objectives of the project were (1) to study the numerical and experimental techniques to determine the underwater noise; (2) to develop methods for mapping the noise of ships and shipping; and (3) to determine mitigation measures to reduce the underwater radiated noise.Numerical methods focused on determination of the cavitation extent and dynamics on propellers which is the main source of noise of commercial shipping. Research also focused on methods to determine the underwater radiated noise from machinery. Experimental methods in model test facilities have been studied and validated against dedicated full scale measurements. The ship noise source levels obtained from these numerical and experimental methods provide input to shipping noise mapping tools to determine the overall underwater noise in a certain sea area.Based on the experience gained in the SONIC project, a set of guidelines for regulators concerned with underwater radiated noise of ships were developed together with the AQUO project. These guidelines discuss the definitions, numerical and experimental methods and mitigation solutions for underwater radiated noise.This paper gives an overview of the work done by all partners in the SONIC project
Monitoring programme for the Maasvlakte 2. Part III: The effects of underwater sound
No full textThe Port of Rotterdam is expanding to meet the growing demand to accommodate large cargo vessels. The construction of Maasvlakte 2 (MV2) started in September 2008. One of the licensing conditions is the monitoring of the underwater sound produced during its construction, with an emphasis on the establishment of acoustic source levels of the trailing suction hopper dredgers (TSHDs) during their various activities: dredging, transport and discharge of sediment. TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Sonar and Acoustics carried out measurement and analysis activities for this monitoring. During an initial measurement campaign in September 2008, background measurements were performed in the absence of dredging. Source level and background sound measurements were made in the dredging area while MV2 dredging activities were underway in September 2009. In a final phase of the study, possible effects of underwater sound on marine fauna were considered for scenarios with and without dredgers. In this article, the principal results of the research are described and discussed in the context of the effects predicted in the Environmental Impact Assessment.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds
No full textMining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our
synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds
in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their
habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with
present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more
than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform
mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream
channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we
highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately
accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.This review is based on an October 2019 workshop held at the University
of Montana Flathead Lake Biological Station (more information at https://flbs.umt.edu/
newflbs/research/working-groups/mining-and-watersheds/). We thank E. O’Neill and other
participants for valuable contributions. A. Beaudreau, M. LaCroix, P. McGrath, K. Schofield, and
L. Brown provided helpful reviews of earlier drafts. Three anonymous reviewers provided
thoughtful critiques that greatly improved the manuscript. The views expressed in this article
are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Our analysis comes from a western science perspective
and hence does not incorporate Indigenous knowledge systems. We acknowledge this gap
and highlight that the lands and waters we explore in this review have been stewarded by
Indigenous Peoples for millennia and continue to be so. Funding: The workshop was
cooperatively funded by the Wilburforce Foundation and The Salmon Science Network
funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Author contributions: C.J.S. led the
review process, writing, and editing. C.J.S. and E.K.S. co-organized the workshop. E.K.S. and
J.W.M. extensively contributed to all aspects of the review conceptualization, writing, and
editing. A.R.W., S.A.N., J.L.E., D.M.C., S.L.O., R.L.M., F.R.H., D.C.W., and J.W. significantly
contributed to portions of the review conceptualization, writing, and editing. J.C., M.Ca., M.Co.,
C.A.F., G.K., E.D.L., R.M., V.M., J.K.M., M.V.M., and N.S. provided writing and editing and are listed
alphabetically. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing
interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the
paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials.Ye
Advances and new applications using the acousto-optic effect in optical fibers
No full textThis work presents a short review of the current research on the acousto-optic mechanism applied to optical fibers. The role of the piezoelectric element and the acousto-optic modulator in the excitation of flexural and longitudinal acoustic modes in the frequency range up to 1.2 MHz is highlighted. A combination of the finite elements and the transfer matrix methods is used to simulate the interaction of the waves with Bragg and long period gratings. Results show a very good agreement with experimental data. Recent applications such as the writing of gratings under the acoustic excitation and a novel viscometer sensor based on the acousto-optic mechanism are discussed. © 2013 The Author(s)
Evaluación de alternativas de pavimentación para vías de bajos volúmenes de tránsito
No full textTrabajo de investigaciónEn los últimos años, tanto en Colombia como en otros países suramericanos como Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia y Perú, se han venido realizando estudios e investigaciones sobre métodos y alternativas para rehabilitación y mantenimiento de vías terciarias y de bajos volúmenes de tránsito, que permitan un uso y aprovechamiento de recursos naturales y nuevos materiales a menores costos, de forma que se logre un equilibrio económico, técnico y ambiental; llegando a proponer soluciones que favorezcan el desarrollo de las regiones donde se aplican tales soluciones, en forma sostenible. De estos estudios han surgido diferentes documentos con propuestas y descripciones de tales alternativas, no obstante diferentes circunstancias impiden la divulgación de tal conocimiento. Actualmente estas alternativas se encuentran clasificadas en tres tipos de acuerdo a sus características de desarrollo, objetivos y funciones. Dado que la implementación de estas es limitado en el país, debido al desconocimiento y poca información sobre las mismas; se presenta este documento que hace una descripción de sus aspectos técnicos ambientales y económicos, y un modelo de elección para la aplicación en las vías colombianas, buscando crear una fuente de información básica para el conocimiento y aplicación de dichas alternativas.EspecializaciónEspecialista en Ingeniería de Pavimento
Лазер-индуцированная флуоресцентная спектроскопия в диагностике тканевой гипоксии (обзор)
No full textThe aim of review is to discuss the results of studies on diagnosis of tissue hypoxia by laser-induced spectroscopy, as well as to identify promising trends and prospects of this technique for its further application in experimental and clinical medicine.The review presents the findings of studies of the fluorescence intensity of endogenous fluorophore molecules (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide) as markers of ischemic injury of internal organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, etc.). The principles of fluorescence laser-induced spectroscopy in vivo are discussed. The historical aspects of the subject are also covered. The results of the use of the technique in experimental and clinical studies of tissue hypoxia and ischemia are shown. Difficulties in interpreting the intensity values of autofluorescent signal of the studied molecules are revealed. It was noted that the tissue autofluorescence in a long-term anoxia remains unknown, and there are no structured ideas about the impact of exogenous and endogenous factors on autofluorescence intensity.In conclusion, the use of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to diagnose tissue ischemia is a promising area of experimental and clinical medicine, which still has various unresolved issues, despite a large number of studies in this domain.Цель обзора — анализ опыта диагностики тканевой гипоксии методом лазер-индуцированной спектроскопии, а также выявление перспективных направлений и потенциальных возможностей данного метода для дальнейшего его применения в экспериментальной и клинической медицине.В обзоре представили данные исследований интенсивности флуоресценции эндогенных молекул-флуорофоров (никотинадениндинуклеотида восстановленного, флавинадениндинуклеотида окисленного) как маркеров ишемического повреждения внутренних органов (мозга, сердца, печени, почек и др.). Рассмотрели принципы метода флуоресцентной лазер-индуцированной спектроскопии in vivo. Уделили внимание историческим аспектам темы. Показали результаты применения метода в экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях тканевой гипоксии и ишемии. Выявили трудности в интерпретации значений интенсивности аутофлуоресцентного сигнала исследуемых молекул. Отметили, что неизвестным остается период сохранения способности ткани к аутофлуоресценции в условиях длительной аноксии, отсутствуют систематизированные представления о влиянии экзогенных и эндогенных факторов на интенсивность аутофлуоресценции.Сделали вывод, что применение метода лазер-индуцированной флуоресцентной спектроскопии с целью диагностики тканевой ишемии является перспективным направлением в экспериментальной и клинической медицине, не исчерпавшим себя, и оставляющим ряд нерешенных вопросов, несмотря на большое количество исследований в данной области
