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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Globale Bewertung der jüngsten Strategien zur Qualitätssteigerung von UNESCO-Biosphärenreservaten und deren Verknüpfungen mit anderen UNESCO-Labeln
No full textIn 1995, the Second International Biosphere Reserve Congress in Seville resulted in a set of new regulations that spurred a significant paradigm shift in the UNESCO Man and Bio-sphere (MAB) Programme, reconceptualizing the research programme as a modern instrument for the dual mandate of nature conservation and sustainable development. But almost 20 years later, a large proportion of biosphere reserves designated before 1996 still did not comply with the new regulations. In 2013, the International Coordination Council of the MAB Programme announced the ‘Exit Strategy’ to assess, monitor and improve the quality of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. However, the strategy also meant that 266 biosphere reserves in 76 member states were faced with the possibility of exclusion from the world network.
This study presents a global assessment of the challenges that result from the Exit Strategy and the Process of Excellence and Enhancement that follows. Specifically, it investigates the differences in quality management strategies and the periodic review processes of various biosphere reserves, the effects of those quality management strategies on the MAB Programme and on the 76 directly affected member states, and the interlinkages between the MAB Programme and other UNESCO designations for nature conservation: the natural World Heritage Sites and the Global Geoparks.
Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with 31 participants in 21 different countries, representing all UN regions. To showcase the diversity of the World Network of Bio-sphere Reserves, 20 country-specific case studies are presented, highlighting the challenges of implementing the biosphere reserve concept and, more specifically, the periodic review process. Information gleaned from the experts was transcribed and evaluated using a qualitative content analysis method.
The results of this study demonstrate major differences worldwide in the implementation biosphere reserves, especially in the case of the national affiliation of the MAB Programme, the legal recognition of biosphere reserves in national legislation, the usage of the term ‘bio-sphere reserve’ and the governance structures of the biosphere reserves. Of those represented by the case studies, the four countries with the highest number of voluntary biosphere reserves withdrawals after 2013, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria and the United States of America, show that the Exit Strategy contributed to the streamlining and quality enhancement of the world network. The biosphere reserves in those countries were strictly nature conservation areas without human settlements and were designated as such in the 1970s and 1980s. Only post-Seville biosphere reserves remain in those countries. Some experts have pointed out that there appears to be competition for political attention and funding between the three UNESCO labels for nature conservation. While a combination of the designation of biosphere reserves and World Heritage Sites in one place is favoured by experts, Global Geoparks and Biosphere Reserves are seen as being in competition with each other.
This study concludes that quality enhancement strategies were fundamental to improving the credibility and coherence of the MAB Programme. Most pre-Seville biosphere reserves were adapted or the member states were encouraged to withdraw them voluntarily. Challenges in implementing the Exit Strategy were not unique to individual countries but applied equally to all member states with pre-Seville sites. Over the course of the quality enhancement process, many UNESCO member states have become more involved with the MAB Programme, which has led to rejuvenation of the national biosphere reserves network in many countries.Im Jahr 1995 führte der zweite internationale Kongress für Biosphärenreservate in Sevilla zu einer Reihe neuer Richtlinien, die einen bedeutenden Paradigmenwechsel im UNESCO-Programm „Der Mensch und die Biosphäre“ (MAB) einleiteten und das bestehende For-schungsprogramm in ein modernes Instrument für das doppelte Mandat des Naturschutzes und der nachhaltigen Entwicklung entwickelte. Doch fast 20 Jahre später entsprach ein gro-ßer Teil der vor 1996 ausgewiesenen Biosphärenreservate immer noch nicht den neuen Vorschriften. Im Jahr 2013 verkündete der Internationale Koordinierungsrat des MAB-Programms die „Exit-Strategie“ zur Evaluierung, Monitoring und Qualitätsverbesserung des Weltnetzes der Biosphärenreservate. Die Exit-Strategie bedeutete jedoch auch, dass 266 Biosphärenreservate in 76 Mitgliedsstaaten mit der Möglichkeit des Ausschlusses aus dem Weltnetz konfrontiert wurden.
Diese Studie präsentiert eine globale Bewertung der Herausforderungen, die sich aus der Exit-Strategie und dem darauffolgenden Prozess der Exzellenz und Aufwertung ergeben. Es werden insbesondere die Unterschiede in den Qualitätsmanagementstrategien und den pe-riodischen Überprüfungsprozessen der verschiedenen Biosphärenreservate, die Auswir-kungen dieser Qualitätsmanagementstrategien auf das MAB-Programm und auf die 76 di-rekt betroffenen Mitgliedsstaaten sowie die Verflechtungen zwischen dem MAB-Programm und anderen UNESCO-Naturschutzsiegeln untersucht: die Weltnaturerbestätten und die Globalen Geoparks.
Es wurden halbstrukturierte Experteninterviews mit 31 Teilnehmern aus 21 verschiede-nen Ländern geführt, die alle UN-Regionen repräsentieren. Um die Vielfalt des Weltnetzes der Biosphärenreservate zu veranschaulichen, werden 20 länderspezifische Fallstudien vor-gestellt, in denen die Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung des Biosphärenreservatskon-zepts und insbesondere des periodischen Überprüfungsprozesses beleuchtet werden. Die von den Experten gesammelten Informationen wurden transkribiert und mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass es weltweit große Unterschiede bei der Imple-mentierung von Biosphärenreservaten gibt, insbesondere was die nationale Zuständigkeit für das MAB-Programm, die rechtliche Verankerung von Biosphärenreservaten in der na-tionalen Gesetzgebung, die Verwendung des Begriffs „Biosphärenreservat“ und die Gover-nancestrukturen der Biosphärenreservate betrifft. Von den Fallbeispielländern dieser Ar-beit zeigen die vier Nationen mit den meisten freiwilligen Rücknahmen von Biosphä-renreservaten aus dem Weltnetzwerk nach 2013, nämlich Australien, Österreich, Bulgarien und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, dass die Exit-Strategie zur Vereinheitlichung und Qualitätsverbesserung des Weltnetzes beigetragen hat. Die Biosphärenreservate in diesen Ländern waren reine Naturschutzgebiete ohne menschliche Besiedlung und wurden in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren als solche ausgewiesen. In diesen Ländern gibt es nur noch Bio-sphärenreservate, die den Qualitätsstandards nach der Konferenz von Sevilla im Jahr 1995 entsprechen. Einige Experten haben darauf hingewiesen, dass es zwischen den drei UNE-SCO-Naturschutzsiegeln einen Wettbewerb um politische Aufmerksamkeit und Finanzie-rung gibt. Während eine Kombination von Biosphärenreservaten und Weltnaturerbe-stätten an einem Ort von Experten favorisiert wird, werden Globale Geoparks und Biosphä-renreservate als miteinander konkurrierend angesehen.
Diese Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die eingeführten Strategien zur Qualitätsver-besserung von grundlegender Bedeutung waren, um die Glaubwürdigkeit und Kohärenz des MAB-Programms zu verbessern. Die meisten Biosphärenreservate aus der ersten Gene-ration vor der Sevilla-Konferenz wurden angepasst oder die Mitgliedsstaaten wurden ermu-tigt, diese freiwillig aus dem Weltnetzwerk zurückzuziehen. Die Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung der Exit-Strategie waren nicht auf einzelne Länder beschränkt, sondern betra-fen alle Mitgliedstaaten mit Biosphärenreservaten aus der Zeit vor Sevilla gleichermaßen. Im Zuge der Qualitätssteigerung haben sich viele UNESCO-Mitgliedstaaten stärker im MAB-Programm engagiert, was in vielen Ländern zu einer Belebung der nationalen Bio-sphärenreservatsnetzwerke geführt hat.The Seville Strategy spurred a signifi cant paradigm shift in UNESCO’s MAB Programme, re-conceptualising the research programme as a modern tool for the dual mandate of nature conservation and sustainable development. However, many biosphere reserves failed to comply with the new regulations and in 2013 the ‘Exit Strategy’ was announced to improve the quality of the global network.
This study presents a global assessment of the implementation of the quality enhancement strategies, highlighting signifi cant differences worldwide through 20 country-specifi c case studies. It concludes that the strategies have been fundamental in improving the credibility and coherence of the MAB Programme. Challenges in the implementation were not unique to individual countries but were common to all Member States with pre-Seville sites, and in many states the process has led to a rejuvenation of national biosphere reserve networks
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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