493 research outputs found
Do UK based weight management programmes cause weight loss maintenance in adults? A systematic review
No full textThe aim of this dissertation was to examine whether UK based weight management programmes promote weight loss maintenance (follow up of 12 months to assess effectiveness of intervention in weight loss) in adults through the process of a systematic review. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has described obesity as a "global epidemic". Weight management comprises two phases; weight loss and weight loss maintenance. The latter phase is the true goal for obesity and the most difficult element of weight management to achieve. However much less is know about this as compared with the weight loss phase. There is little purpose in committing time and money to reducing obesity if the weight is regained. This is counter-productive and weight loss maintenance is essential to combat the obesity epidemic. Searches were made for relevant information from a variety of scientific online databases and journals,. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed in the review. All studies incorporated a multi-component (diet, exercise, behaviur modification) intervention approach. All control and internvetion groups reported weight loss at 12 months when compared with baseline. All groups recieved an intervention. One study reported a significant difference (P<0.05) between groups. Four studies reported on at least one component (diet, physical activity, behaviour modification) however there was not enough information to conclude whether they complied with national guidelines (NICE CG43 and SIGN 115). High attrition rates and loss to follow up are problematic for each study except one. Analysis on an intention to treat basis was common however this is problematic and there are alternative methods which may be more suitable for dealing with missing data
Faith and the face-off: John F. Kennedy, religion, and averting nuclear war during the Cuban missile crisis
No full textThe decisions made by President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962 likely prevented the outbreak of World War III. Understanding the president’s possible motivations behind those decisions, including any possible religious motivations, is key to a more complete understanding of the eventual peaceful resolution of the crisis. Kennedy’s was a complex religiosity from childhood, further complicated by anti-Catholic prejudice and his own assertions of the firm separation of church and state during the 1960 presidential campaign. While keeping his religiosity a private matter, those closest to the president documented their memories of his words and actions during the crisis. Using these recollections, it is possible to get a sense of what things the commander in chief may have taken into consideration when deciding which course of action to pursue. From statements made by the president to the manner of his interactions, evidence of his attitudes and concerns during the crisis provides inferences into the character of his conscience. These inferences suggest that Kennedy’s decisions may have been influenced by the empathy he was able to feel for others, that he may have been guided by a conscience of peace formed, in part, by his religious faith, and that he may have weighed his actions using tenets of the Catholic Church, particularly the four cardinal virtues: prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. The papal encyclical issued by Pope John XXIII in April 1963, Pacem in Terris, lays out as official Church doctrine the need for universal peace through Catholic virtues such as justice and truth. This encyclical appears to echo some of the attitudes that, according to those closest to him, President Kennedy took on during the Cuban crisis, further supporting the idea that Kennedy’s faith influenced his decisions.M.A.Includes bibliographical referencesby Alison L. Davi
A latent semantic analysis of gender stereotype-consistency and narrowness in American English
No full textEmbracing structure: opportunities and challenges of implementing structure in organizations
No full textStructure —explicit and predetermined rules, specificity, and order imposed to guide behavior—has long been recognized as a means of elevating outcomes for individuals, groups, and organizations beyond default processes. Yet, structured tools are often underutilized in practice, raising critical questions: why are they resisted, and how can organizations encourage greater adoption? Addressing these challenges requires increasing awareness of their benefits and targeting psychological barriers to their use. The papers in this symposium tackle these issues in three ways. First, they highlight the limitations of default processes, demonstrating that humans underperform in detecting their partner’s conversational topic preferences compared to machine learning algorithms. Second, they illustrate the benefits of structure, showing how structured tools enhance conversational safety, promote equal speaking time in groups, and empower individuals to make voluntary choices during consent procedures. Third, they explore psychological barriers, such as concerns about enjoyment, that undermine the adoption of structured approaches. Collectively, this symposium showcases structure as a powerful tool for improving outcomes for individuals, groups, and organizations, while emphasizing the importance of thoughtful design and implementation that accounts for individuals’ psychological needs and motivations. Topic preference detection: A novel approach to understand perspective taking in conversation Author: Michael Yeomans; Imperial College London Author: Alison Wood Brooks; Harvard Business School Unlocking the power of equal airtime: Nudging conversational safety in group conversations Author: F Katelynn Boland; Author: Nicholas Demetrio Zambrotta; UC Berkeley, Haas School of Business Author: Nicole Abi-Esber; London School of Economics and Political Science Structuring Requests to Empower Voluntary Consent Author: Rachel Schlund; Cornell University Author: Roseanna Sommers; Author: Vanessa Bohns; Cornell University Overcoming Resistance to Structured Collaboration: The Role of Hedonic Perceptions Author: Kelly Harrington; Northwestern University Author: Loran F. Nordgren
The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of BPin-substituted F-BODIPYs with aryl halides
No full textF-BODIPYs substituted with BPin functionality have been coupled to aryl halides using a mild and efficient catalyst system involving Pd2(dba)3 and XPhos. The methodology enables the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of electron-rich, electron-poor, and sterically encumbered BPin-substituted F-BODIPYs to aryl halides bearing various functional groups, thus presenting an opportunity for the preparation of highly functionalised F-BODIPYs without need for the corresponding aryl moiety to be available in borylated form.The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the pdf file of the accepted manuscript may differ slightly from what is displayed on the item page. The information in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript reflects the original submission by the author
A meta-analysis on the malleability of automatic gender stereotypes
No full textThis meta-analytic review examined the efficacy of interventions aimed at reducing automatic gender stereotypes. Such interventions included attentional distraction, salience of within-category heterogeneity, and stereotype suppression. A small but significant main effect (g?=?.32) suggests that these interventions are successful but that their scope is limited. The intervention main effect was moderated by publication status, sample nationality, and intervention type. The meta-analytic findings suggest several issues worthy of further investigation, such as whether (a) other categories of intervention not yet identified or tested could be more effective, (b) suppression necessarily produces ironic effects in automatic stereotyping, (c) various indirect measures are differentially sensitive to stereotype change, and (d) automatic stereotypes about men differ in their malleability from those about women.<br/
Art or science? The challenges of publishing peer reviewed papers based on linked models
No full textThe methodology used in a linked model system is generally too voluminous and of insufficient interest to form the basis of a peer-reviewed journal article. To be readily acceptable to an economics journal, the simulation results should provide economic insight and contribute to the economics literature.quantitative integrated assessment, empirical models, “black boxâ€, Agricultural and Food Policy, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession,
(The) man, his body, and his society: masculinity and the male experience in English and Scottish medicine c.1640-c.1780.
No full textThis thesis examines the relationship(s) between medicine, the body and societal codes of masculinity in England and Scotland between c.1640 and c.1780. It responds to the way in which the men in histories of post-1660 masculinity are often disembodied, and to the comparative absence of men’s gendered experiences from the history of medicine. Its findings show that in both centuries the experience of being a man with a body that was the site of health and sickness was an open, candid, and often communal, one, inside and outside of the formal medical encounter. Thus, and on both sides of 1700, ill men had full freedom in the pursuit and acceptance of medical, familial and social assistance, while their physical suffering, and associated emotional distress, was met with sympathy. With their sick bodies the sites of honest self-examination and open discussion, it was in part this very public nature of their sicknesses that allowed men, as a gender and as individuals, independence and agency in their non-commercial health care. Indeed, later-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century men suffered no constraints in their ability to respond to the vulnerabilities of their bodies, even where this involved behaviours or attributes allegedly associated with women and femininity, or inconsistent with ideals of active, independent, masculinity.
These findings indicate, therefore, great continuity across the period 1640-1780, and not only in masculine ideals of and involving the male corporeality. There seems to have been significant consistency across time in men’s social and medical experiences of both sickness and their pre-emptive preparation for it, and in an apparent collective self-confidence concerning their corporeal masculinity, their sex, and, possibly, even their sexual potential. Indeed, these sources suggest that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century men had a resilient sense of self-identity (and personal masculinity), conceptually separable from the corporeal body and its known fragilities
Paradigms of Author/Creator Property Rights in Intellectual Property Law: Ethical Implications for the Acquisition, Access and Control of Genetic Information
No full textBook Abstract: This diverse collection of papers attempts to critically address and discuss issues surrounding the control of, and access to, genetic information from ethical, medical, legal and theoretical points of view. Special reference is made to the implications of genetic information for eugenics, the insurance industry, commercialization of genetic testing, strategies for raising public awareness and the value of theoretical, ethical and sociological frameworks in the debate
Grapevine Fanleaf Virus: Biology, Biotechnology And Resistance
No full textGrapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) causes fanleaf degeneration of grapevines. GFLV is present in most grape growing regions and has a bipartite RNA genome. The three goals of this research were to (1) advance our understanding of GFLV biology through studies on its satellite RNA, (2) engineer GFLV into a viral vector for grapevine functional genomics, and (3) discover a source of resistance to GFLV. This author addressed GFLV biology by studying the least understood aspect of GFLV: its satellite RNA. This author sequenced a new GFLV satellite RNA variant and compared it with other satellite RNA sequences. Forensic tracking of the satellite RNA revealed that it originated from an ancestral nepovirus and was likely introduced from Europe into North America. Greenhouse experiments showed that the GFLV satellite RNA has commensal relationship with its helper virus on a herbaceous host. This author engineered GFLV into a biotechnology tool by cloning infectious GFLV genomic cDNAs into binary vectors, with or without further modifications, and using Agrobacterium tumefaciens delivery to infect Nicotiana benthamiana. Tagging GFLV with fluorescent proteins allowed tracking of the virus within N. benthamiana and Chenopodium quinoa tissues, and imbuing GFLV with partial plant gene sequences proved the concept that endogenous plant genes can be knocked down. Infectivity of the viral vector depended on the identity of the GFLV strains or reassortants, on coapplication of heterologous silencing suppressors and on lower ambient temperatures. No natural sources of resistance to GFLV exist within Vitis spp., but certain herbaceous hosts such as N. tabacum (tobacco) are resistant. This author used tobacco, its wild relatives, and hybrids between tobacco and wild relatives to evaluate the genomic and physiological basis of resistance. Resistance to GFLV in tobacco is governed by systemic recovery from virus infection that is additively inherited and likely multi-allelic. This research has opened new avenues to understand virus and plant evolution, and furnishes geneticists with a new tool to functionally characterize host genes. This dissertation also includes a history of pathogen-derived resistance with specific reference to plant virus resistance
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