1,721,133 research outputs found

    Contribution of artificial galleries to knowledge of karstic system behaviour in addition to natural cavern data

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    The study of karstic systems is mainly based on hydrodynamic and hydrochemical data collected at system inlets (rainfall) and outlets (springs). Indeed, some complementary data base coming from speleological and hydrogeological explorations of natural cavities exist. However, they are not completely representative of all the types of flows. These kinds of flow which have a large part in general hydrodynamics of a system are already the result of a structured organization of karst due to complex phenomena of limestone dissolution. Artificial galleries have the advantage to be easily accessible. Moreover, they cut randomly flows which are much less structured or not. Both types of information seem to be complementary in order to understand a karstic aquifer. In this paper, we focus on the hydrochemical and hydrodynamic study of unstructured flows of the Low-Noise Underground Laboratory of Rustrel- Pays d’Apt (LSBB), a former military site with 3,4 km of buried gallerie

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Hydrogeophysical study of karst unsaturated zone structure and functioning

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    La Zone Non Saturée (ZNS) peut jouer un rôle majeur pour la circulation et le stockage de l'eau dans les hydrosystèmes karstiques mais ces mécanismes restent peu connus. L'hydrogéophysique peut-elle permettre d'évaluer les variations spatiales et temporelles du stock de l'eau de la ZNS pour améliorer la compréhension de son fonctionnement ? En 2011 et 2012 différents outils ont été utilisés sur un site expérimental à l'aplomb du Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit de Rustrel (LSBB) dans le bassin d'alimentation de la Fontaine de Vaucluse afin d'en étudier la structure et le fonctionnement hydrogéologique. Ces investigations se sont déroulées selon une méthodologie comprenant quatre phases : (1) phase préliminaire d'étude géologique et hydrogéologique (2) caractérisation géophysique de la stucture géologique (3) caractérisation hydrogéophysique du fonctionnement hydrodynamique (4) synthèse par géomodélisation 3 D. Les résultats obtenus sur le site expérimental soulignent le potentiel de l'hydrogéophysique en milieu karstique et valident la méthodologie proposée. Les investigations ont permis d'identifier rapidement des structures géologiques pouvant jouer un rôle majeur dans la régulation des flux d'eau. Des variations saisonnières du stock d'eau ont été mesurées jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de mètres dans la ZNS. Le suivi géophysique évènementiel a permis d'imager l'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle de la recharge. Enfin, la géomodélisation s'avère essentielle dans la méthologie proposée pour synthétiser les connaissances du site, finaliser le schéma de fonctionnement et poser les bases de futurs travaux de modélisation hydrodynamique dans la ZNS du karst.Karst Unstatured Zone can play a major hydrodynamic role but water flow and storage mechanisms remains poorly known. Can hydrogeophysics help assessing the spatial and temporal waterstorage variation in UZ and improve understanding karst UZ functioning ? In 2011 and 2012, various tools have been employed on an experimental site above the low noise underground research laboratory of Rustrel (LSBB) within the Fontaine de Vaucluse catchment, in order to study the hydrogeological structure and functioning. These investigations were conducted using a methodology including four phases : (1) Preliminary study of geological and hydrogeological contexte, (2) Geophysical characterization of the geological features, (3) Hydrogeophysical characterization of the hydrodynamic functioning, (4) 3D geomodeling of the karst UZ. The acquired results highligth the potential of hydrogeophysical investigation in karst media and validated the proposed methology. These investigations allowed a fast identification of geological structures which may play a major role in water flow regulation. Seasonal variations in water storage were measured until several tens of meters deep within the UZ. Hydrogeophysical monitoring allowed imaging spatial and temporal heterogeneityof recharge; Finally, the geomodeling is essential within the proposed methology to synthesize site knowledge, finalize the conceptual functioning schema and lay the foundation for future work of hydrodynamicmodeling in karst UZLa Zona No Saturada (ZNS) puede jugar un papel importante en la circulación y el almacenamiento del agua en los hidrosistemas kársticos, sin embargo sus mecanismos son poco conocidos. ¿La hidrogeofísica podría evaluar las variaciones espaciales y temporales del agua subterránea de la ZNS para mejorar la comprensión de su comportamiento?En el año 2011 y 2012, diferentes herramientas fueron utilizadas en un sitio experimental del Laboratorio Subterráneo de Bajo nivel de Ruido (LSBB, siglas en francés) ubicada en la cuenca de alimentación de la Fontaine de Vaucluse (Francia) con el propósito de estudiar su estructura y comportamiento hidrogeológico. Estas investigaciones fueron desarrolladas según una metodología compuesta de cuatro fases: (1) una fase preliminar de estudio geológico e hidrogeológico, (2) una caracterización geofísica de la estructura geológica, (3), una caracterización hidrogeofísica del comportamiento hidrodinámico, y (4) una síntesis por geomodelización 3D.Los resultados obtenidos en el campo validan la metodología utilizada y muestran la importancia del uso de la hidrogeofísica en el estudio del medio kárstico. Las investigaciones permitieron identificar rápidamente las estructuras geológicas que juegan un rol importante en la regulación de los flujos de agua. Las variaciones temporales del agua subterránea fueron medidas hasta varias decenas de metros de profundidad en la ZNS. El monitoreo geofísico de eventos puntuales permitió realizar una representación grafica de la heterogeneidad espacial y temporal de la recarga. Finalmente, la geomodelización es considerada como parte esencial en la metodología propuesta para sintetizar los conocimientos del área de estudio, finalizar el esquema del funcionamiento y proponer las bases de los futuros trabajos en modelización hidrodinámica de la ZNS del karst.يمكن للطبقة غير المشبعة٬ في نظم المياه الجوفية ذات الطبيعة الجيرية (الكارست) أن تلعب دورا مهما في حركة و تخزين المياه الجوفية٬ لكن آليات عمل هذه الطبقة تبقى إلى حد ما مبهمة. إن السؤال الذي يبقى مطروحا : هل بإمكان علم الهيدروجيوفيزياء أن يمكننا من تقييم التغيرات في البعدين المكاني و الزمني لمخزون المياه في الطبقة غير المشبعة بغية تطوير فهمنا لآلية عملها؟خلال الفترة الممتدة بين سنتي 2011 – 2012 م٬ تم إستخدام العديد من الأدوات في حقل تجريبي على مستوى المختبر التحت أرضي عديم التشويش بروستال بفرنسا (LSBB de Rustel)٬ والذي يتواجد في حوض التغذية لمنبع الفوكلوز(Fontaine de Vaucluse) بغية دراسة بنية الطبقة غير المشبعة للكارست و كيفية أدائها فيما يتعلق بالمياه الجوفية. إن هذه الأبحاث نفذت بمنهجية مكونة من أربعة مراحل٬ و هن كالآتي: (1) المرحلة الابتدائية و تخص الدراسة الجيولوجية و الهيدروجيولوجية٬ (2) التوصيف الجيوفيزيائي للبنية الجيولوجية٬ (3) التوصيف الهيدروجيوفيزيائي لحركة الطبقة المائية٬ (4) الخلاصة من خلال إنشاء نموذج جيولوجي ثلاثي الأبعاد.إن النتائج المتحصل عليها في الموقع التجريبي أظهرت أهمية الهيدروجيوفيزياء في الوسط الكارستي و أكدت نجاعة المنهجية المقترحة. إن الأبحاث المنجزة٬ مكنت في وقت وجيز٬ من تحديد البنيات الجيولوجية التي يمكن أن تلعب دورا مهما في معادلة التدفقات المائية. من منظور آخر٬ مكنتنا الطريقة المقترحة من قياس التغيرات الموسمية للمخزون المائي في الطبقة غير المشبعة (ZNS) و ذلك على عمق عشرات الأمتار. إن الرصد الجيوفيزيائي الحدثي مكن من تصوير التغيرات المكانية و الزمنية لإعادة التغذية. أخيرا يظهر جليا أن النمذجة الجيولوجية ثلاثية الأبعاد ذات الأسس الجيولوجية٬ الهيدروجيولوجية و الجيوفيزيائية٬ أمر أساسي بالنسبة للمنهجية المقترحة من أجل حوصلة معلوماتنا بخصوص الموقع المدروس٬ تكملة مخطط التشغيل و وضع أسس الأعمال المستقبلية لنماذج حركة المياه خلال الطبقة غير المشبعة لأحواض المياه الجوفية ذات الطبيعة الجيرية (الكارست Karst).المفردات الرئيسية:الهيدروجيوفيزياء (علم جيوفيزياء المياه الجوفية)، الكارست (حوض مائي جوفي ذو طبيعة جيرية)، إعادة تغذية الطّبقة المائيّة، الطّبقة غير المشبّعة (ZNS)، النّمذجة الجيولوجيةGéomodélisation) )، منبع الفوكلوز (ontaine deF Vaucluse)، المختبر التحت أرضي عديم التشويش بروستال بفرنسا (LSBB de Rustel).非饱和带对喀斯特地区水分的运动和存储具有重要作用,但是这一机制仍然不太清楚。水文地球物理学方法是否有助于评估非饱和带水分存储的时空变异,并深化我们对喀斯特非饱和带功能的认识?为了研究沃克吕兹泉流域的水文地质结构和功能,分别于2011和2012年,在吕斯特勒地区地下低噪声试验室(lsbb)上方的试验点进行了各种试验。研究内容包括四个部分:(1):初步的地质和水文地质调查;(2):地质结构的地球物理方法勘探;(3):水动力过程的水文地球物理监测;(4) 喀斯特非饱和带结构的三维模拟。研究结果表明,水文地球物理学方法在喀斯特地区的研究中具有很大应用潜力,并检验了我们提出的方法的可靠性。利用这种方法,对对水流调节起主要作用的地质结构进行了快速识别;对深达几十米的非饱和带储水量的季节性变化进行了监测;对地下补给过程的时空异质性进行了成像。最后,综合研究区的各种信息,建立地学模型,确定了水文地质结构和功能的概念模式,为后续喀斯特非饱和带水动力学过程模拟研究奠定了基础

    Geological heterogeneity, speleogenesis and hydrodynamics of karst : From concept to numerical modeling

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    Cette thèse a pour but d'intégrer explicitement la géométrie des conduits karstiques dans les modèles numériques d'écoulement. A partir d'observations du développement des réseaux de conduits karstiques sur le terrain et de modélisations des processus spéléogénétiques et hydrogéologiques, trois sujets scientifiques sont développés dans ces travaux. Premièrement, les investigations sur le système de la fontaine de Vaucluse, essentiellement en zone non saturée, permettent d'identifier les principaux paramètres qui contrôlent la géométrie des réseaux de conduits karstiques. Ces paramètres géologiques et hydrologiques impactent les écoulements préférentiels et les niveaux saturées en eau. Sur la base des connaissances acquises, le développement des conduits est ensuite étudié par le biais de la modélisation 3D. Des modèles synthétiques permettent d'étudier les relations entre les contrastes de conductivité hydraulique de la matrice, l'architecture et l'hétérogénéité des failles et l'architecture du réseau de conduits qui en résulte. De plus, les concepts établis et la méthodologie de spatialisation des données sont améliorés et critiqués sur une partie du système d'étude.Troisièmement, des modèles hybrides sont construits pour étudier l'effet sur le comportement hydrodynamique de la représentation explicite conjointe des conduits karstiques et de la zone non saturée. Ces modèles sont confrontés aux concepts de la littérature à l'échelle du voisinage d'un conduit karstique et à l'échelle du réservoir. Les expériences numériques réalisées permettent de valider l'utilisation de ces modèles hybrides pour reproduire les comportements hydrodynamiques attendus. Elles permettent de quantifier l'influence des propriétés des réseaux de conduits et des propriétés pétrophysiques de la matrice sur les écoulements. En synthèse de cette thèse, une méthodologie de travail est proposée pour modéliser les réservoirs karstiques en intégrant au mieux leur hétérogénéité, de la matrice aux réseaux de conduits.This work aims to integrate the explicit geometries of karst conduits in flow models.Based on both field observations of karst developments as well as modeling approaches for speleogenesis processes and hydrogeology, three scientific subjects are developed in this thesis.First, investigations of the fontaine de Vaucluse systems, mainly in the unsatured zone, allow identification of the key parameters that control the karst conduit geometries.These geological and hydrological parameters affect the preferential flow paths and the piezometric level.Second, using these concepts on karstogenesis, karst network development is studied through 3D modeling.Synthetic models enable the study of the relationship between karst conduit architectures, fault network petrophysical properties and heterogeneities in the matrix hydraulic conductivity.Moreover, well-established concepts and data spatial distribution methods are criticized and improved.Third, hybrid models explore the impact of explicit representation of karst conduits combined with the influence of the unsaturated zone on hydraulic behavior.These models are tested against published concepts in the vicinity of karst conduits and at the reservoir scale.The different numerical experiments return the expected hydrodynamic behavior.This highlights the coupled flow impact of conduit and matrix petrophysical properties.As a conclusion, this thesis proposes a global method for modeling karst reservoirs in order to integrate, as far as possible, matrix and conduits heterogeneities

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

    Author Index

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    koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist

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    We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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