3,238 research outputs found
The long-term effects of development aid - Empirical studies in rural West Africa.
No full textThis article is based on field studies in rural West Africa. It concentrates on the socio-structural effects of development aid in the long run, in contrast to numerous available evaluation reports on the short-run effects of development projects. The study reveals that superficial generalisations or condemnations of development projects, like the big farmers benefit at the expense of the smaller ones, or the men benefit at the expense of the women, do not hold up to verification. Quite to the contrary one observes a wide range of specific adapted forms by which the target groups react to the demands and offers of development projects, and thereby transform their own social structure. In short, one observes a great diversity of social self-organisation. The bureaucratic structures of the development administration do, however, unfortunately - more often than not - ignore the social dynamic of their target groups which they nevertheless sustain unconsciously. Development aid has become an important political and economic factor in most African countries. Its financial impact often exceeds that of the national budget. It contributes, therefore, significantly to the development of a bureaucratic class and of its clients: the project development degenerates into a project nationalization / bureaucratization. This contrasts vividly with the strategies of the peasants. Men and women at village level do not accept any longer the paternalistic development approach. They just select what they need out of the packages of solutions that are offered to them, while they develop their own solutions, like a variety of seeds adapted to their specific resource endowments, diversified sources of income, different strategies of accumulation and risk prevention. All this allows for a gradual evolution by variation and selection. The dynamic of the rural society is to a large extent due to a competition of different (strategic) groups, opposed to one another, about the partitioning of the cake of development aid. Normally this struggle between different vested interests is covered up by the rhetoric of development planning. Planned development has up to now proven to be to rigid, to be able to take account of the complex and subtle fabric of self organisation. Aid sometimes appears to be a second best substitute for a vision of a democratic society. This is due to the fact that the structures we are aiming for in the long run - which are to allow for open markets, an orientation of the producers at the resources and needs of the nation, and last not least, the growth of indigenous structures of self-help - would require a responsible and democratic government, as well as the guarantee of civil rights, accountability, an independent judiciary, freedom of the press, etc.; up to now, however, all these elements are still oppressed by the commando state itself, well nourished by the various forms of technical and financial aid.development cooperation; ODA; evaluation; Africa; social structure;
L'ARTICULATION DES MODES DE PRODUCTION CHEZ GEORG ELWERT
No full textThis paper presents the concept of articulation of modes of production in the works of the german africanist Georg Elwert born in 1947 and died in 2005. After the explanation of concepts of mode of production and articulation of modes of production, the paper analyzes how Professor Georg Elwert trained at Heidelberg has used them at Bielefeld and Berlin to analyze the interaction between peasant society, penetration of the central State and Market Economy in Benin (formerly Dahomey) in the late 70s and early 80s. The analysis of African societies and Benin through the paradigm of the articulation modes of production made by Georg Elwert is of interest to those who study these companies and their transformations in a globalization time because his work offer new interpretations and important starting point for research in the complex between farmers, state and market in contemporary Africa . Innovations developed by Elwert relate to aspects such as the economy of solidarity, conflicts, corruption, the “commando State” and markets of violence
Ueber das Licht : vorzugsweise über die chemischen und physiologischen Wirkungen desselben
No full textein Versuch von Georg LandgrebeHandschriftliches Geschenkexlibris: "Seinem verehrten Lehrer Hrrn. Prof. Herold der Verfasser" 001420390_0001 Exemplar der ETH-BI
Dynamics of Violence | Processes of Escalation and De-Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts
No full textViolence is embedded in social structure. It follows specific dynamics which make it unpredictable for the individual case but calculable as a social phenomenon - this is the central message of this reader.To lay persons violence may appear as irruption or the inhuman into a human world. The broad comparison of social, anthropological, and sociological case studies from Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America shows, however, that motives and forms of violence are patterned. Each pattern has its own dynamic of escalation and de-escalation which makes prediction difficult for the individual case. As part of these dynamics appear also restraints to the escalation called inhibitors. The study of these does not promise the construction of violence-free societies but it might allow for targetting interventions for peace in a more accurate manner.An important element of these studies is the systematic analysis of the difference between the constructed outside appearance of violence and the dynamic system which reproduces it. Thus cultural strategies of wealth accumulation, prestige acquisition, and healing come to the foreground. Contributors to this volume include Alber, Erdmute; Allen, Tim; Elwert, Georg; Feuchtwang, Stephan; Grohs, Gerhard; Helbing, Jürg; Neubert, Dieter; Schmidt, Heike; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Strecker, Ivo; v. Trotha, Trutz; Waldmann, Peter
Johann Georg Hamann und Frankreich. Acta des dritten Internationalen Hamann-Colloquiums im Herder-Institut zu Marburg/Lahn 1982, Hg. von Bernhard Gajek. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1987
No full textBourel Dominique. Johann Georg Hamann und Frankreich. Acta des dritten Internationalen Hamann-Colloquiums im Herder-Institut zu Marburg/Lahn 1982, Hg. von Bernhard Gajek. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1987. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°20, 1988. L'année 1789. p. 559
Johann Georg Hamann und Frankreich. Acta des dritten Internationalen Hamann-Colloquiums im Herder-Institut zu Marburg/Lahn 1982, Hg. von Bernhard Gajek. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1987
No full textBourel Dominique. Johann Georg Hamann und Frankreich. Acta des dritten Internationalen Hamann-Colloquiums im Herder-Institut zu Marburg/Lahn 1982, Hg. von Bernhard Gajek. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1987. In: Dix-huitième Siècle, n°20, 1988. L'année 1789. p. 559
Werner Georg Kümmel, Heilsgeschehen und Geschichte, gesammelte Aufsätze 1933-1964, herausgegeben von Erich Grösser, Otto Merk und Adolf Fritz. Marbourg, N. G. Elwert, 1965 (« Marburger theologische Studien », 3)
No full textTrocmé Étienne. Werner Georg Kümmel, Heilsgeschehen und Geschichte, gesammelte Aufsätze 1933-1964, herausgegeben von Erich Grösser, Otto Merk und Adolf Fritz. Marbourg, N. G. Elwert, 1965 (« Marburger theologische Studien », 3). In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 46e année n°1,1966. pp. 81-82
Die Suche nach Sicherheit: Kombinierte Produktionsformen im sogenannten Informellen Sektor
No full textEvers H-D, Elwert G. Die Suche nach Sicherheit: Kombinierte Produktionsformen im sogenannten Informellen Sektor. Zeitschrift für Soziologie. 1983;12(4):281-296
Georg Hermann.
No full textThe internationally renowned author of numerous novels, essays, and articles, Georg Hermann, was born as Georg Borchardt in Berlin-Friedenau on October 7, 1871, the youngest of six children in a well-established Jewish family. Later in life he used his father’s first name Hermann as his surname when writing. Contrary to the expectations for a young man from a reputable family, Hermann did not pursue the Abitur exam in a Gymnasium (secondary school), but instead received a one-year certificate in 1890, leaving school to become an apprentice salesman at a tie company. From 1896 until 1899 he worked in the Statistical Office of Berlin, at the same time attending literature and art history lectures at the University of Berlin. Afterwards he worked as a freelance writer and art critic.His first book, 'Spielkinder', was published in 1896, but he did not become well-known until 1906, with the publication of 'Jettchen Gebert', followed by its sequel, 'Henriette Jacoby'. These novels told the story of the life of a young woman living in Jewish Berlin during the Biedermeier period of the 1820s and 1830s. Politically active, Georg Hermann was also a member of the Central-Verein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens.Having become known for his pacifist tendencies through his writing, and because of his Jewish heritage, Georg Hermann and his family fled to Holland shortly after the burning of the Reichstag in 1933. Although the rest of his family was saved from the Nazis after their occupation of Holland in 1943, Georg Hermann was sent to the Dutch concentration camp of Westerbork. On November 16, 1943 he was transported to Auschwitz and either died during transport or shortly after his arrival.Digital ImageRecord added to DigiTool. Aleph record suppressed. J. Palmisano 09/15/2010
Elwert (Georg) : Wirtschaft und Herrschaft von « Däxome » (Dahomey) im 18. Jahrhundert. Ökonomie des Sklavenraubs und Gesellschaftsstruktur 1724 bis 1818. Verbunden mit Untersuchungen über Verwendung und Bestimmung der Begriffe Klasse, Macht und Religion in diesem Kontext
No full textWeilhard Werner. Elwert (Georg) : Wirtschaft und Herrschaft von « Däxome » (Dahomey) im 18. Jahrhundert. Ökonomie des Sklavenraubs und Gesellschaftsstruktur 1724 bis 1818. Verbunden mit Untersuchungen über Verwendung und Bestimmung der Begriffe Klasse, Macht und Religion in diesem Kontext. In: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, tome 62, n°229, 4e trimestre 1975. pp. 689-691
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