1,721,071 research outputs found
Neighbourhood structure and health promotion: an introduction
No full textA growing body of literature suggests that neighbourhood context may affect human behaviour both of adults and adolescents. It has been hypothesised that socially disadvantaged areas may induce health risks either directly or through health behaviour and lifestyles, because they are likely to have poorer social and material infrastructure and resources although varying by the resource and national context. Beyond neighbourhood features resulting from social deprivation, it is also relevant to determine which characteristics of the built environment encourage or discourage healthy lifestyles such as parks and green spaces, traffic infrastructure, and housing characteristics. While geographic information system can be used to receive objective data on the built environment and neighbourhood structure, individuals’ perceptions of their environment are also important to understand their lifestyle choices. Therefore data on subjective factors, such as peoples’ perceptions (e.g. the extent to which it is attractive and safe) of their neighbourhood and the quality of facilities that might encourage them to develop and maintain health-relevant behaviours, are also highly relevant
The recession, austerity measures and health
No full textGoWell is a planned ten-year research and learning programme that aims to investigate the impact of investment in housing, regeneration and neighbourhood renewal on the health and wellbeing of individuals, families and communities. This paper summarises key findings from a qualitative study investigating the relationships between financial difficulties and health
Access to health-promoting facilities and amenities
No full textThis chapter provides a brief overview of the existing literature on the importance of the built environment to obesity and examines how local facilities, such as physical activity amenities, are distributed across different sorts of neighbourhoods. The issue of access to these facilities using different forms of transport (walking, cycling, bus or car) is explored using data from a Scotland wide study
Neighbourhood structure and health promotion
No full textIt has long been theorized that people living in poor areas have more health problems than their more advantaged peers. More recently, science has been testing this hypothesis, concentrating on the impact of the built environment on well-being and its contribution to health inequities. Neighbourhood Structure and Health Promotion offers sociology-based theory and evidence-based findings so readers may better understand the effects of place on health choices, behaviour, and outcomes. This international volume analyzes the complex relationships among neighbourhood conditions and characteristics, people's perceptions of where they live, and their everyday health lives, from eating habits and activity levels to smoking, drinking, and drug use. Chapters introduce innovative methods for measuring and monitoring links between place and health in terms of risks and resources, and employing objective and subjective data. Prospects for engaging neighbourhoods in prevention efforts, particularly involving young people, and policy implications for the future of health promotion and inequity reduction are discussed as well. Included in the coverage: The spatiality of injustice: area effects on behaviour. Qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing neighbourhood health resources. The potential of GIS and GPS in the health sciences. Green spaces and health: possibilities for research and policy. School neighbourhoods and obesity prevention in youth. Connecting gender, social environment, and health. Neighbourhood Structure and Health Promotion advances the study of this increasingly critical topic, making it a valuable reference for researchers, practitioners, policy makers and advanced students in health, health promotion, social epidemiology, and urban planning.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Building in Prevention: Nudging Towards Physical Activity and Public Health
No full textHealth interventions can be seen as initiatives that seek to prevent the emergence and development of impaired public health. Initiatives made in the area of prophylaxis can be experienced as anything from direct invasions of personal freedom to small traffic bumps on the roads. In this spectrum this chapter devotes its focus primarily on the small bumps on the road by initially discussing how physical structural prevention can be an appropriate strategy not only to bring about behavioural change in the population as a whole but also to reduce the negative consequences of a stigmatising health discourse. To get an overall view of the effects of physical, structural preventive action, the second half of this chapter presents a model that, with its theoretical basis, may provide guidance in the compilation of new preventive strategies. This leads onto a concluding discussion of the ways in which preventive work might be changed to direct focus onto a greater extent on establishing frameworks for people to master their own lives instead of one-sided initiatives, which leave the individual with a sense of guilt at their own illness
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Sociological Perspectives on Neighbourhood Context and Health
No full textThe purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the ways in which sociological theory is able to contribute to the creation of a broader knowledge and understanding of the complexity of people's everyday lives within local communities. The chapter examines how sociological perspectives might be included in research concerned with local communities/residential areas, health and well-being. The strengths of this particular perspective are demonstrated by focusing on various sociological theories on local communities, inclusion/exclusion, everyday life and health behaviour. The chapter draws conclusions by means of a specific sociological analysis of the marginalised residential area of Bakkedal in Denmark.</p
- …
