174 research outputs found
The effective mentor, mentee and mentoring relationship
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to examine the various competency frameworks for mentors and mentees and consider the requirements for an effective mentoring relationship, exploring theoretical and empirical studies as well as conceptual models and frameworks. The chapter begins by outlining the behaviours, capabilities and characteristics of mentors and mentees drawing on current literature (Cooper & Palmer, 2000; Clutterbuck, 2004, 2011; Brockbank & McGill, 2006, Allen & Eby, 2011). These are compared and contrasted, taking into account methodological issues such as the significance of context (Kram, 1988; Bierema & Merriam, 2002; Fowler & O’Gorman, 2005; Ghosh, 2012), purpose and type of mentoring (Kram, 1980, 1985; Ragins & Cotton, 1999; Clutterbuck, 1998, 2015) and that competences may evolve through the different phases of the mentor-mentee relationship (Missiran, 1982; Kram, 1983; Clutterbuck, 1995, 1998).
In addition, the author recognises the need to consider the complex adaptive system (Mitleton-Kelly, 1997; Lansing, 2003; Clutterbuck, 2012) in which the mentor-mentee relationship is established and developed. Next, the author examines the measures for the effectiveness of a mentoring relationship, with particular reference to how this might be useful in the initiation, support and measurement of mentoring outcomes. Finally, the author offers recommendations for future research
David Clutterbuck on Mentoring and Coaching: A Commentary
No full textConsider the following quotation, attributed to Frederick Buechner: “Vocation is where your deepest passion meets the world’s greatest need.” What strikes me the most when I reflect on the work of David Clutterbuck so thoughtfully reviewed by Simon Jenkins is David’s passion for mentoring. David is not only highly influential as a thought leader in mentoring and prolific as an author, but also possesses a deep expertise in implementing his ideas as a consultant. Indeed, the world needs mentoring, not only to develop leaders in for-profit organizations, but also to address society’s greatest challenges. It is my great pleasure to write a commentary on David Clutterbuck’s contributions to mentoring as his work has served as a source of inspiration for me over many years. In this commentary, I will provide a reflection on several of David’s ideas about trends in mentoring. I am hopeful my questions and thoughts inspired by these trends will inspire others to engage in further dialogue
Natural and vaccine mediated correlates of protection against enteric fever
No full textEnteric fever is a febrile illness caused by systemic infection with Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. It causes approximately 136,000 deaths a year. Enteric fever has largely been eradicated in developed countries but there remains a high incidence in lower-middle income countries. Emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains poses a significant health problem. Vaccine intervention can help reduce the burden of disease and is recommended in regions of enteric fever endemicity. However, current enteric fever vaccines are not effective against paratyphoid fever and recent data show that in some regions the incidence and proportion of disease attributable to S. Paratyphi infection is increasing. Comprehensive control of enteric fever requires effective vaccines against both etiological agents. Currently there are no licensed vaccines against paratyphoid fever. Licensure of novel vaccines is partially hindered by our limited understanding of protective immunity and lack of immunological correlates of protection.
Development and application of immunoassays to characterise the immune response to S. Paratyphi infection or vaccination can further our understanding of protective immunity and help support licensure of new vaccines to help control enteric fever.
I have developed multiple robust immunoassays to reliably measure the functional humoral immune responses against S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A. Using these standardised methods I have measured serum bactericidal activity (SBA), antibody dependent monocyte phagocytosis (ADMP), antibody dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) responses to enteric fever vaccines and experimental challenge in a series of clinical trials.
I measured pre-existing, and post-challenge functional immunity in two oral S. Paratyphi A experimental challenge studies. Although there was variability levels of pre-exisiting immunity at baseline, none of the features significantly correlated with protection from acute paratyphoid fever after challenge. Ninety days after challenge there were significant increases in SBA, ADNP, ADMP. For the SBA, challenge induced increases were dependant on systemic infection whereas increases in ADMP and ADNP occurred regardless of systemic infection. A subset of S. Paratyphi A challenged individuals undertook a second challenge. Significant waning of functional immunity occurred by 17 months, at the point of rechallenge and no features measured at the rechallenge baseline correlated with diagnostic outcome of the second challenge.
In another study, healthy volunteers received either two doses two weeks apart of oral paratyphoid vaccine, CVD 1902, or sodium bicarbonate placebo control approximately one month before oral S. Paratyphi A challenge. SBA and ADMP titres were significantly increased 42 days after receiving vaccine or placebo. However, ADNP titres were significantly elevated after vaccine/placebo in those who were protected from infection. A similar trend was observed for ADMP, but it did not reach statistical significance. Analysis of this data while the study is still blinded may impact these findings and further analysis should be conducted once the study is unblinded. Integrative analysis approaches were unable to identify any immune signatures that correlated with protection in any of the three challenge studies.
Functional immunity against S. Paratyphi A was also measured in participants in a phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a novel S. Typhi – Paratyphi A bivalent conjugate vaccine, Sii-PTCV. A single dose of Sii-PTCV elicited significant increases in SBA, ADMP, ADNP suggesting polyfunctional immune stimulation.
In conclusion, I have developed robust immunoassays that can reliably measure antibody effector functions. In paratyphoid naïve adults or adults who have experience a single exposure to S. Paratyphi A there are no baseline immune functions that correlate with protection in an experimental challenge model. I have used these assays to demonstrate that functional immunity can be stimulated by oral S. Paratyphi A challenge, a single dose of Sii-PTCV, and potentially by CVD1902. However further work is required to determine whether vaccine induced responses correlate with protection from paratyphoid fever. While no correlates of protection could be identified in these studies, this work adds to our growing understanding of host immune responses to typhoidal Salmonella. Furthermore, this work serves a ‘proof of principal’ demonstrating that these assays can be used, in addition to other assays, to assess immunogenicity and correlates of protection against paratyphoid fever future studies
The mentoring cycle
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to explore the mentoring cycle and in particular, the concept of phases within the context of the mentoring relationship. The chapter begins by outlining a number of models that describe how mentoring relationships develop over time, such as Kram (1980, 1983), Missirian (1982), Clutterbuck (1985; 2004), and Westland (2015). The mentee and mentor perspective is explored by understanding the experiences of each, through insight, during various stages of the relationship. Next, the author identifies a number of empirical studies that have ‘tested’ the models to better understand their application to specific contexts (Westland, 2015). The models are compared and contrasted in order to identify the challenges associated with the concept of the mentoring cycle. The author also considers factors that influence the mentoring cycle and the effectiveness of the mentoring relationship. Finally, the author considers the implications of the mentoring cycle from a number of perspectives: mentoring relationships, program design, training for mentees and mentors, and future research agendas for both researchers and practitioners
(501722) Elizabeth Ann [Clutterbuck]
No full textThis three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria
I consoli della nazione inglese a Livorno tra il 1665 e il 1673: Joseph Kent, Thomas Clutterbuck e Ephraim Skinner
No full text[The Consuls of the English Nation in Leghorn between 1665 and 1673: Joseph Kent, Thomas Clutterbuck and Ephraim Skinner]. Examining in detail the years 1665 to 1673 the article allows Villani to reconstruct the history of British consular presence in Livorno from the end of the 1500s. The author shows how the first two consuls – Raymond Dawkins and Thomas Hunt – were elected by Trinity House, a corporation of sea pilots, while only in 1621 the new consul, Richard Allen was elected by the Levant Company with the consent of the sovereign, James I. He has succeeded the Catholic Morgan Read, who had exercised the office from 1634 until his death in Livorno on May 29, 1665. After Read’s death Britain chose the enigmatic figure of Joseph Kent, which may have been the pseudonym of the Baronet John Abdy who adopted the name in order to mask his activities as a royalist spy during the Interregnum. Joseph Kent died in Rome on May 22, 1670 and was succeeded by Thomas Clutterbuck in 1669 and later Ephraim Skinner in 1671. These three consuls are interesting figures and their embassies were during a time when the litigious merchant community in Livorno experienced a marked increase in economic importance. The article also briefly outlines the work of other British consuls in the seventeenth century. The history of British consuls in the 1600s, along with their successors through to the eve of World War II, clearly shows Livorno’s important role in the political and diplomatic relations between Tuscany and England. In a important posthumous article on the English in Genoa between 1600s and 1700s published in Quaderni Storici Edoardo Grendi emphasized the importance consuls and envoys have for a nation “devoted to commerce.” He demonstrated how these “leading figures” not so much expressed relationships to the “community or national group of local settlement, but rather evolutions and dynamics of power associated with inter-state relations.” This essay is a detailed verification of this line of research
Immunogenicity and efficacy of conjugated and unconjugated Vi-polysaccharide vaccines in the prevention of typhoid fever
No full textEach year, 12.1 to 20.6 million typhoid fever infections occur globally, of which 1% result in death. Children are particularly susceptible to infection. As the causative bacterium Salmonella Typhi is transmitted via contaminated food or unsafe drinking water, typhoid fever has often been regarded as a disease of poverty or an infection of the returning traveller. However, increasing antimicrobial resistance and reduced treatment options have made typhoid fever a global threat. Interventions to reduce the burden of disease are urgently needed. Although vaccination has been recommended in endemic regions, uptake of pre-existing typhoid vaccines has been poor, particularly as these vaccines cannot be used in young children. While Vi-conjugate vaccines (TCV) can be used from infancy, a paucity of efficacy data has hindered their development. This phase IIb-observer blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of a TCV using a controlled human infection model (CHIM) of typhoid fever in an effort to address this data gap, and to assist with the advancement of TCVs to control typhoid fever disease.
Healthy typhoid naïve adult volunteers were randomised to receive control (n=34), Vi-TT (Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine, n=41) or Vi-PS vaccine (licensed Vi-polysaccharide vaccine, n=37) one month prior to oral challenge with 104 CFUs of S. Typhi Quailes strain. Participants were diagnosed with typhoid fever over a two-week period if meeting the predefined composite definition (S. Typhi bacteraemia and/or fever â¥38°C for â¥12 hours). 103 participants completed challenge, of which 24/31 (77%) control, 13/37 (35%) Vi-TT and 13/35 (37%) Vi-PS were diagnosed with typhoid fever. The protective efficacies of Vi-TT and Vi-PS were 54.6% [95% CI: 26.8, 71.8] and 52.0% [23.2, 70.0], respectively. However, vaccine efficacy estimates differed depending on the definition of typhoid fever used. Clinical definitions resulted in higher efficacy estimates for Vi-TT, as vaccination appeared to reduce fever rates and symptom severity in diagnosed participants.
An in-depth assessment of Vi-specific humoral immunity showed that Vi-TT was more immunogenic than Vi-PS, inducing higher anti-Vi IgG, IgA, IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 antibody titres, higher frequencies of Vi-specific antibody secreting cells and greater Vi-antibody mediated functional responses than Vi-PS. Additional studies identified that Vi-TT induced circulating T follicular helper cells and Vi-specific IgG memory B cells, both features indicative of germinal centre responses, which were not detected in Vi-PS vaccinees. Evaluation of Vi-specific humoral responses to identify potential correlates of protection were conducted using logistic regression models. Anti-Vi IgG, IgA and IgG2 titres were found to significantly decrease the probability of typhoid fever diagnosis, however, a protective threshold (above which 100% of participants were protected) was not identified.
The findings from this study represent the first efficacy results and comprehensive assessment of humoral immunity for the only WHO prequalified TCV - Vi-TT (Typbar-TCV, Bharat Biotech). These results contributed to a change in global health policies and funding prioritisation for TCVs. Towards the end of 2017, the WHOâs Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunisation recommended the use of TCVs in high burden typhoid endemic regions and importantly in children >6 months of age and the Global Vaccine Alliance pledged US$85 million to assist with the roll out of TCVs to areas of need. CHIM studies represent a platform to test and generate hypotheses. As such, more research is required to evaluate TCV efficacy in phase III trials conducted in endemic settings and to validate the preliminary humoral immunity results described in this thesis using observations from the field. For now, hopefully the action that has been set in motion with the introduction of TCVs will assist with the control of typhoid fever disease and help to improve the health of children living in high burden regions. </p
Rural landscapes of improvement in Ireland, 1650-1850: An archaeological landscape study
No full textIreland's modern landscapes of fields and farms were largely fashioned in the later historic period, between c.1650 and 1850. This was the infancy of modern rural Ireland, when the concepts of property and tenure, landlords and tenants took form. It was a period when political, religious, and class contests came to define Irish society. This thesis is an archaeological landscape study which explores how Irish rural landscapes reflect, and became a part of, these contested social relationships, focusing in particular on the role of Improvement in these changes. Improvement was an Enlightenment ideology which held that society could be progressively enhanced though the influence of architecture, agriculture, and commerce on people's daily lives. Improvement, and the related ideologies of capitalism, colonialism and modernity, helped to shape the elite landscapes of the land owners, the towns and villages, the farms and farmsteads, the fields and enclosures. This involved fundamentally altering the way people in Ireland thought about property and landscape. My research uses four case study parishes from counties Derry in Ulster, Meath in Leinster, Clare and Tipperary in Munster, to investigate how Improvement in the landscape, in estate houses, gardens and demesnes, places of worship, towns and villages, farm dwellings and offices, field enclosures, reflected these changes and helped reshape Irish rural society. However, this was not a straightforward process of change. Improvement was contentious, not least because of its relationship with colonialism in Ireland. Improvement used modernity and change to support power-structures of the elite 'Protestant Ascendency'. At the same time, the landscape was used as a means of legitimising these elites through the association with, and appropriation of, significant ancient landscape features. Irish landscapes, viewed as a framework for our collective past, used in conjunction with extensive documentary material for the later historic period, provide an invaluable body of evidence for understanding Improvement in later historic Ireland. Reading landscapes involves interpreting complex interactions of time, space and human agency. Landscape archaeology, with documentary research and GIS analysis, provides an important suite of methods and concepts for these interpretative tasks. I conclude that the manipulation and creation of 'improved' landscapes was a key factor in shaping later historic Irish society.2016-11-0
Rural landscapes of improvement in Ireland, 1650-1850: An archaeological landscape study
No full textIreland\u27s modern landscapes of fields and farms were largely fashioned in the later historic period, between c.1650 and 1850. This was the infancy of modern rural Ireland, when the concepts of property and tenure, landlords and tenants took form. It was a period when political, religious, and class contests came to define Irish society. This thesis is an archaeological landscape study which explores how Irish rural landscapes reflect, and became a part of, these contested social relationships, focusing in particular on the role of Improvement in these changes. Improvement was an Enlightenment ideology which held that society could be progressively enhanced though the influence of architecture, agriculture, and commerce on people\u27s daily lives. Improvement, and the related ideologies of capitalism, colonialism and modernity, helped to shape the elite landscapes of the land owners, the towns and villages, the farms and farmsteads, the fields and enclosures. This involved fundamentally altering the way people in Ireland thought about property and landscape. My research uses four case study parishes from counties Derry in Ulster, Meath in Leinster, Clare and Tipperary in Munster, to investigate how Improvement in the landscape, in estate houses, gardens and demesnes, places of worship, towns and villages, farm dwellings and offices, field enclosures, reflected these changes and helped reshape Irish rural society. However, this was not a straightforward process of change. Improvement was contentious, not least because of its relationship with colonialism in Ireland. Improvement used modernity and change to support power-structures of the elite \u27Protestant Ascendency\u27. At the same time, the landscape was used as a means of legitimising these elites through the association with, and appropriation of, significant ancient landscape features. Irish landscapes, viewed as a framework for our collective past, used in conjunction with extensive documentary material for the later historic period, provide an invaluable body of evidence for understanding Improvement in later historic Ireland. Reading landscapes involves interpreting complex interactions of time, space and human agency. Landscape archaeology, with documentary research and GIS analysis, provides an important suite of methods and concepts for these interpretative tasks. I conclude that the manipulation and creation of \u27improved\u27 landscapes was a key factor in shaping later historic Irish society.2016-11-0
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The human B cell response to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
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