1,720,960 research outputs found
Community Benefits Spending by Private Tax-Exempt Hospitals in the U.S.
Get PDFThe Internal Revenue Service issued the long awaited regulatory guidelines for the Community Benefits (CB) spending for private tax-exempt hospitals in December 2008, which required these hospitals to report their policies, practices, and spending on CB activities. The Affordable Care Act amended these rules in 2010 by adding a section on Community Health Needs Assessment.
This study evaluates and tracks spending on the total and different CB activities by all private tax-exempt hospitals in seven states after the implementation of the latest IRS and ACA reporting regulations from 2010 - 2013. Moreover, this study investigates which community health indicators are predictive of spending on community improvement activities. The last part of this study examines the relationship between spending on health improvement activities and changes in a set of health indicators. We collected data from multiple sources and hospitals’ CB data were obtained from revised income tax Form 990.
A total of 328 private tax-exempt hospitals in the states of Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, and Virginia were included in the first study. The second and third studies included the 223 counties that had at least one private tax-exempt hospital in the seven states. Univariate analyses provided basic analyses. Multivariate regressions analyses, including linear and nonlinear models, examined the relationships between different predictor and response variables while adjusting for multiple covariates. SAS/STAT version 9.4 statistical software was used to execute the analyses. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Total annual CB spending increased significantly between 2010 and 2013. There were considerable variations in the amounts and types of CB spending between different private tax-exempt hospitals. Direct patient care spending dominated the amount of spending on CB. Community health improvement initiatives comprised only around 0.55% of total tax-exempt spending on CB activities and varied considerably between counties and states and over time. Community health indicators showed mixed patterns over the study period. There did not appear to be a consistent pattern between the spending on community health improvement initiatives and changes in community health indicators
Civilian sheltering guidelines for explosive weapons in populated areas: a scoping review
No full textBackground: the use of explosive weapons in populated areas (EWIPA) has a disproportionate impact on civilians. Many humanitarian organizations utilize varying sheltering guidelines to recommend safe positions for civilians affected by explosive threats. It is not known whether these recommendations are standardized or derived from evidence. This study aimed to identify existing recommendations and potential gaps in literature relevant to sheltering guidelines for civilians during explosive events. Methods: a scoping review was conducted of the literature including indexed databases and grey literature to identify reports that described sheltering guidelines for civilians during explosive events. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) methodology was followed.Results: the search identified 3582 peer-reviewed records. After title/abstract and full text screening, only two peer-reviewed reports remained eligible. These were combined with 13 gray literature reports obtained from humanitarian organizations and internet searches. The peer-reviewed reports included mine and unexploded ordnance guidelines, not guidelines for EWIPA or aerial bombardments. There is a substantial knowledge gap and heterogeneity in existing sheltering guidelines from explosive events, particularly those appropriate for protection from EWIPA.Conclusion: findings from this scoping review demonstrate a need for the creation and standardization of evidence-based civilian sheltering guidelines to mitigate the threat of explosive weapons to civilians in conflict.<br/
Comparative Analysis of National Emergency Management Charters: A Pilot Study Towards Achieving a Standardized Global Emergency Management Framework
Get PDFThe world is facing increasing risks from a variety of threats, especially those related to extreme weather and natural disasters. The substantial and sustained impacts of major disasters are reinforcing the calls for global collaboration. Nevertheless, worldwide emergency assistance efforts are confronted with several challenges that negatively affect the disaster victims, stress international diplomatic relations, and threaten the social and national security of nations. These challenges arise from the unique nature of each national emergency management framework and the lack of global standardization and governing rules.
We conducted this qualitative study. Using a variety of qualitative analytical methods. we examined and compared the national emergency management charters of China, the US, the Maldives, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia. We used a variety of data sources, including national emergency management laws and strategiesas well as published studies.
The findings showed substantial differences between the five national emergency management charters. Among those findings are the government entity overseeing emergency management activities, the levels and categories of disasters, the structure, organization, and operations of the emergency management system, and the commitment to international directives and frameworks. One striking finding was the lack of any global emergency management ethics code.
The challenges of global response call for countries to work closely to standardize the types, levels, and categories of disasters. Additionally, they need to develop a process to facilitate and expedite the acceptance of international aid and assistance. Countries also need to commit to international regulations and frameworks and establish a code for global emergency ethics
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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